History of modern times. National liberation movements in Latin America (most important)

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History of modern times. National liberation movements in Latin America (most important)

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43. NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA

The basis of the colonial system in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America was the seizure of land and the serf exploitation of the Indian population, which was completely dependent on European secular and spiritual feudal lords.

In Mexico, half of the cultivated land belonged to the Catholic clergy, and the local population paid numerous taxes and performed unlimited corvee duties in favor of the state.

The mining of precious metals played a huge role in the brutal exploitation of the labor force of the local population of Latin America. During the three centuries of Spanish rule (XVI-XVIII centuries), gold and silver were exported from Latin America for a total of 28 billion francs.

In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America, slave labor was widely used, mainly in the silver mines and in the plantation economy. The main contingent of slaves in Latin America were Negroes forcibly captured in Africa.

The struggle of the peoples of Latin America against colonial oppression and exploitation took various forms. It was expressed in numerous uprisings of slaves and Indians, in the desire of feudal lords of Spanish origin (Creoles) and the nascent bourgeoisie to separate from Spain and Portugal and create their own independent states in Latin America.

Revolts of Indians and blacks in the 18th century.

The uprisings of the Indian population in Latin America in a number of cases, especially in the XNUMXth century, had not only a liberation character (against Spanish domination), but also an anti-feudal orientation.

In 1780-1781. The rebels in Peru, led by Tupac-Amaru, expelled the Spanish colonialists from a significant part of the country, established the power of their elected chiefs instead of the Spanish administration, and made an attempt to create an independent Indian state. Fugitive slaves in Brazil as early as the XNUMXth century. founded the Republic of Palmaris and for several decades in a stubborn struggle defended their independence.

It took on a long and stubborn character in the second half of the 1781th century. liberation struggle of the Indian population of Latin America. In XNUMX, an uprising broke out in New Granada, caused by an increase in taxes. The Indians of the surrounding villages joined the rebellious inhabitants of the city of Socorro. The rebels came close to the capital of the viceroyalty of Bogota, and the frightened authorities hurried to announce tax cuts. However, the subsequent split in the camp of the rebels allowed the Spanish authorities to defeat them.

By 1797, the uprising in the Venezuelan town of Coro was brutally suppressed. An inspiring example, especially for the black population of Latin America, was the black uprising that began in 1791 in the western (French) part of the island of San Domingo. The liberation war in North America had a great influence on the popular struggle in the Spanish colonies of Latin America. The Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution became the banner of struggle for Latin American patriots. The discontent of landowners, merchants, officers, officials and intelligentsia - natives of colonies in Latin America - was expressed in numerous conspiracies against the power of the colonialists, but they failed due to isolation from the people. And only at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. The liberation struggle of the peoples of Latin America acquired wide scope with the formation of independent states.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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