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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of modern times. Establishment of capitalist relations in England (most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 20. STATEMENT OF CAPITALIST RELATIONS IN ENGLAND England, earlier than other European countries, embarked on the capitalist path of development. Here the classic version of the establishment of bourgeois relations was realized, which allowed England already at the end of the 16th-18th centuries. take advanced capitalist positions and seize world economic leadership. The main role in this was played by the fact that the field of development of English capitalism was not only the city, but also the countryside. The village in other countries was a stronghold of feudalism and traditionalism, but in England, on the contrary, it became the basis for the development of the most important industry in the 16th-18th centuries. - cloth making. Although in the XVII century. England remained predominantly an agrarian country, the development of capitalism found its manifestation in agriculture, industry and trade. Indicators of the development of capitalism in agriculture were the strengthening of the new nobility, which transferred its economy to the capitalist rails and actively participated in trade and money relations. Most of the nobility began to engage in entrepreneurial activities, creating sheep farms and turning into a new bourgeois nobility - the gentry. In an effort to increase income, the feudal lords turned arable land into profitable pastures for livestock. They drove off their holders - the peasants (fenced) and thereby created an army of paupers - people who had no choice but to become civilian workers. In addition, an indicator of development in agriculture was the social stratification of the peasantry, in the course of which the categories of wealthy yeoman peasants emerged; freeholders (land owners); copyholders (tenants) and kotters (landless peasants). In industry, evidence of the development of capitalism was considered the rapid development of manufacturing production and the decomposition of the medieval guild system. In the first three decades of the seventeenth century there was a rise in all branches of English industry, especially cloth and mining. In the sphere of trade, indicators of the rapid development of capitalism were seen primarily in the creation of trading companies for foreign trade, both regulated (company of merchants-adventurers) and joint stock (Moscow Company, East India Company). The expansion of economic interrelations within the country between various sectors of the economy, between individual regions meant an increase in the capacity of the domestic market, its development and further growth. One of the most important features of the social structure of England on the eve of the revolution was the established alliance between the bourgeoisie and the new bourgeois nobility. The development of the capitalist structure in England led to the aggravation of class contradictions and the division of the country into supporters and opponents of the feudal-absolutist system. Absolutism was opposed by all bourgeois elements: the new nobility (gentry), who aspired to become full owners of the land by abolishing knightly holdings and speeding up the process of enclosing; the bourgeoisie itself (merchants, financiers, industrial merchants, etc.), who wanted to limit royal power and force it to serve the interests of the country's capitalist development. But the opposition drew its main strength from the dissatisfaction with its position of the general population and, above all, the rural and urban poor. The defenders of the feudal foundations remained a significant part of the nobles (the old nobility) and the highest aristocracy, who received their income from the collection of old feudal rents, and the guarantor of their preservation was the royal power and the Anglican Church. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) >> Forward: "Glorious Revolution" in England
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