History of modern times. Spread of Reformation ideas in Europe (most important)

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History of modern times. Spread of Reformation ideas in Europe (most important)

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8. DISTRIBUTION OF THE IDEAS OF REFORMATION IN EUROPE

The era of the Reformation is the last chronological period of the Renaissance, completing this progressive upheaval in the development of European culture.

Reformation - This is a broad religious and socio-political movement that unfolded at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. in Germany and aimed at the transformation of the Christian religion. The Reformation takes its origins in Germany, and then covers a number of European countries. It led to the falling away from the Catholic Church of England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Finland, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and partly Germany.

The Reformation gave rise to the third branch of Christianity after Orthodoxy and Catholicism - Protestantism. All supporters of the Reformation - in any of its forms - are called Protestants.

Protestantism is usually understood as a set of independent and diverse religions, churches, differing from each other in dogmatic and canonical features. Protestants do not recognize Catholic purgatory, they reject Orthodox and Catholic saints, angels, the Mother of God; the Christian triune God occupies a completely monopoly position among them.

The difference between Protestantism and Catholicism and Orthodoxy lies in the doctrine of the direct connection between God and man. According to the Protestants, grace comes to a person from God, bypassing the church, "salvation" is achieved only through the personal faith of a person and the will of God. This doctrine undermined the dominance of spiritual power over the secular and the dominant role of the church and the pope.

In northern Germany, the princes carried out a reform of the church in their domains on the principles proposed by Luther. They closed monasteries, seized church lands. The prince became the head of the church in his principality. This church became known as Lutheran.

In 1555, after a long war between the Protestant princes and Emperor Charles V, the Peace of Augsburg was concluded. As a result of this, complete freedom in matters of religion was recognized for the princes. From now on, they themselves could decide what to believe in their subjects. Thus, the principle "whose power, that is religion" was established.

The Protestants of Switzerland and the Netherlands went much further than the Lutherans. The founder of the most consistent reformation doctrine, which served as the ideological basis of the anti-feudal revolutions, was a Genevan preacher John Calvin (1509-1564). The central tenet of Calvinism is the dogma of absolute predestination, according to which the fate of man in earthly life and eternal life has been prepared since the creation of the world. In fact, every Calvinist believed that he was God's chosen one, predestined to salvation and eternal bliss. Confirmation of Divine election is, according to Calvin, success in worldly affairs, in particular in trade. Moderation and frugality were considered the main virtues by Calvinists. The Calvinist Church persecuted its opponents very cruelly.

Thus, the term "reformation" primarily expresses that essential side of the movement, the center of which is criticism and attack on the monopoly position of the Catholic papal church and its teaching in the political, ideological system of the then European society. The revolutionary course of the reform movement manifested itself as the decisive battle of the European philistinism against feudalism.

The reasons for the Reformation were:

1) the growth and development of bourgeois relations;

2) promotion of individualism;

3) registration of state independence of European countries, the desire to separate from the Catholic Church.

The Reformation undermined the spiritual and economic foundations of Catholicism and caused the emergence of new Christian churches, the split of Europe, the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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