История нового времени. Упадок Испании и возвышение Англии (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Упадок Испании и возвышение Англии (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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17. THE DECLINE OF SPAIN AND THE RISE OF ENGLAND

Although Spain was still considered a world power after the death of Philip II, it was in a state of crisis. There were several main reasons for this crisis. Above all, international ambitions and commitments to the House of Habsburg drastically drained the country's resources. It would seem that the income of the kingdom, which increased due to receipts from the colonies and was huge by the standards of the 1557th century, should have ensured the country's comfortable existence for many years to come. But Charles V left huge debts, and Philip II had to declare the country bankrupt twice - in 1575, and then in XNUMX.

At the end of his reign, the tax system began to have a devastating effect on the life of the country, and the government was already barely making ends meet. A negative trade balance and short-sighted financial policies have taken a toll on trade and entrepreneurship. Due to the huge influx of precious metals from the New World, prices in Spain significantly exceeded European prices, so it became profitable to sell here, but unprofitable to buy goods. The complete ruin of the domestic economy was also facilitated by one of the main sources of state income - a ten percent tax on trade turnover.

In 1588, the Spanish king equipped a huge fleet of 130 sailing ships and sent it to the coast of England. The confident Spaniards named their fleet the "Invincible Armada". English ships attacked the Spanish fleet in the English Channel. The naval battle lasted two weeks. The heavy, clumsy Spanish ships had fewer guns than the English and were used primarily to transport troops. Light, high-speed English ships, managed by experienced sailors, put enemy ships out of action with well-aimed artillery fire. The storm completed the defeat of the Spaniards. The inglorious death of the "invincible armada" undermined the naval power of Spain. Dominance on the seas gradually passed to England.

Philip III (1598-1621) и Philip IV (1621-1665) failed to change the situation for the better. The first of them concluded a peace treaty with England in 1604, and then in 1609 signed a 12-year truce with the Dutch, but continued to spend huge sums of money on his favorites and entertainment. By expelling the Moriscos from Spain between 1609 and 1614, he deprived the country of more than a quarter of a million industrious inhabitants.

In 1618, a conflict broke out between Emperor Ferdinand II and Czech Protestants. started Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), in which Spain sided with the Austrian Habsburgs, hoping to regain at least part of the Netherlands. Philip III died in 1621, but his son Philip IV continued his political course. At first, the Spanish troops achieved some successes under the command of the famous general Ambrogio di Spinola, but after 1630 they suffered one defeat after another. In 1640, Portugal and Catalonia rebelled simultaneously; the latter drew off Spanish forces, which helped Portugal regain independence. Peace was achieved in the Thirty Years' War in 1648, although Spain continued to fight France until the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659.

The sickly and nervous Charles II (1665-1700) became the last ruler of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. He left no heirs, and after his death the crown passed to the French Prince Philip of Bourbon, Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV and great-grandson of Philip III. His assertion on the Spanish throne was preceded by the all-European War of the "Spanish Succession" (1700-1714), in which France and Spain fought England and the Netherlands.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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