История нового времени. Промышленный переворот в США (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Промышленный переворот в США (самое важное)

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72. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE USA

The industrial revolution in the United States was prepared in general by the socio-economic situation in the country, but its main and main prerequisites can be distinguished:

1) the presence of rich deposits of coal, iron ore and other minerals in the eastern and northeastern regions of the United States, which were English colonies in the XNUMXth century, before gaining independence;

2) a large influx of high-quality British goods and various products to the United States, which contributed to the development of the mining industry, and then the processing industry;

3) the complete absence of feudal fetters in the US economy. In the United States, as in no other European country at that time, there were neither feudal lords nor feudal orders.

Conditions for the development of industry in the United States were very favorable, especially in the north, northeast. In the south of the country, the development of industry and the capitalist economy was hampered by the dominance of plantation farms based on the use of slave labor.

Beginning of the industrial revolution The beginning of the industrial revolution in the United States falls on the 20-40s. 1825th century During this period, American entrepreneurs began to make extensive use of European technical achievements (and primarily English), put capital into circulation and hire skilled labor. Employment of skilled labor in the United States was especially favored in 1826-40, when the economic crisis broke out in England and Europe and huge masses of workers found themselves on the American labor market. And only two factors hindered the successful development of US industry in the XNUMXs. XNUMXth century

Firstly, this is the competition of English high-quality goods, and secondly, the departure of workers to the west of the country, where new territories and new mineral deposits were developed.

Industry development

A new stimulus and impetus for the rise of US industry was the construction of railroads, shipping canals, and then the development of water and rail transport.

In a country where new territories were being developed, there was a great need for vehicles - steam locomotives, carriages, steamships, and then cars. In 1825, the Erie Canal was opened, connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River, while it connected the Great Lakes system with the Atlantic coast, and thousands of settlers used it to move to new lands. By 1840, the length of canals in the USA was 5 thousand km. The canal system opened up a cheap route for transporting farm produce to the eastern regions of the country. The steam engine of the talented inventor Oliver Evans began to be used in river transport. In 1838, the American steamships Sirius and Gray Western crossed the Atlantic Ocean, ushering in the era of steamship communications between the United States and Europe. At the same time, railways were actively being built in a western direction, to new development areas. By 1830, the eastern United States already had railways with a length of 6,5 thousand km. Railroads played a huge role in the development of American industry. Simultaneously with the construction of railways, locomotives were improved with an increase in power and traction.

All the successes in the development of US transportation were due to the need to create fast lines of communication between the growing number of factories, metallurgical and machine-building plants that were the vanguard of American industry. The greatest concentration of US industry was in the north and northeast, close to seaports and mineral deposits.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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