History of modern times. France in the 1850-1860s. Second Empire (most important)

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History of modern times. France in the 1850-1860s. Second Empire (most important)

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59. FRANCE IN THE 1850-1860s SECOND EMPIRE

From the beginning of the election, Louis Napoleon took steps to strengthen the positions of his supporters, the Bonapartists. His goal was to restore the monarchy. To ensure support in the implementation of their goals, the Bonapartists promised the bourgeoisie and peasants an era of prosperity. In an effort to attract the army to his side, Louis Bonaparte placed his supporters in all important military posts. In October 1849, Louis Bonaparte formed a government almost exclusively of his supporters, which prepared the triumph of Bonapartism with police measures.

Taking advantage of the unpopularity of the Legislative Assembly in the country, the Bonapartists launched a struggle in the spring of 1851 to revise the constitution. They sought the destruction of articles that prohibited the re-election of the same person as the President of the Republic for a second term.

The bourgeoisie of France demanded a “strong government” and saw in Louis Bonaparte a guarantee of the stability of state power. In November 1851, Louis Bonaparte formed a new homogeneous Bonapartist government, and the Bonapartists began to prepare to disperse the Legislative Assembly. On the night of December 2, 1851, the most prominent figures and deputies of the bourgeois-republican Orléanist and legitimist camp were arrested. The Legislative Assembly was dissolved. To approve the coup d'état, a plebiscite was held on December 21, 1851, a survey of the population, as a result of which Louis Bonaparte received the support of the French.

On December 2, 1851, Louis Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor under the name of Napoleon III.

In 1852 a new constitution was adopted. From the former symbols of the revolution, a tricolor banner remained, from which the words were removed: "The French Republic. Liberty. Equality. Fraternity." The emperor became the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, could declare war and make peace, issue decrees and appoint to public positions. The ministers were subordinate only to the emperor. Local governments were highly dependent on the central government. The seal was under police control. The clergy, who supported Louis Napoleon, received enormous power in the country. Schools were under the supervision of the church, but the clergy sought to establish their control over higher education as well. The government carried out a "cleansing" of lecturers at universities, and many liberal and Republican professors were fired. Thus, the political regime of the Second Empire was established in France.

Over the years, the regime became more liberal: in 1859 an amnesty was declared for all persons convicted of political offenses; emigrants were able to return to the country; in the 60s. XNUMXth century Napoleon II restored freedom of the press and assembly; returned to the Legislative Assembly the right to propose laws; workers were allowed to form mutual aid societies. The authoritarian regime gradually developed into a democratic one.

The period of the Second Empire coincided with the rapid rise of capitalism in France. In the 50s. XNUMXth century new credit societies were founded and quickly began to develop. The industrial revolution was rapidly coming to an end, and manual labor in some branches of industry was replaced by machine labor. Mining, chemical and paper industries developed, gas production increased.

As a result of the industrial revolution, all industrial enterprises, banks, railways were concentrated in the hands of 183 families of France. In the countryside, the process of stratification of the peasants intensified: some of them grew rich, others became poor and went to the city. To ease social tension and create new jobs, Napoleon III organized large public works that were supposed to transform Paris and at the same time demonstrate the emperor's concern for his subjects.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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