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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of modern times. Development of science and culture at the beginning of the 19th century (most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 77. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY To solve the technical and economic problems posed by industry, transport and agriculture, a new approach to natural phenomena was required. The development of trade and international relations, the exploration and development of geographical areas introduced a lot of new factual information into scientific circulation. They made it possible to fill in previously existing gaps in the picture of nature, to include those “missing links” that confirmed the existence of comprehensive connections of natural phenomena in time and space. In higher scientific and technical education at the beginning of the XIX century. mathematics occupied a prominent place, since the need to apply it to solving practical problems put forward by natural science and technology (in the field of physics, chemistry, astronomy, geodesy, thermodynamics, kinematics of mechanisms, construction, ballistics, etc.) sharply increased. The successes of descriptive geometry were directly related to the applied tasks of drawing up drawings of machinery, buildings, industrial and transport structures. In the same period of time, applied, or, as they said then, "practical" mechanics appeared, which studied the operation of machines, mechanisms and engineering structures and developed methods for their calculation (G. Monge, T. Jung). Development of industry at the beginning of the 19th century. led to the emergence of theoretical and practical chemistry (A.P. Lavoisier, K.L. Berthollet). Moreover, scientific chemistry could receive further complete development after the victory of the doctrine of the molecular-atomic structure of matter. Development of culture at the beginning of the 19th century. Culture at the beginning of the XNUMXth century was formed in Europe and America under the dual influence of industrial development (coups) and bourgeois revolutions. In addition, a certain contribution was made to the development of culture and national liberation wars in Europe and America. All changes in society found a response in music, painting, poetry, prose, sculpture and architecture. A common feature of the development of world culture of this period was the steady growth of international cultural exchange. It was due to the rapid development of world economic contacts, as well as the improvement of means of transport, communications and mutual information. The development of literature and art in Europe and in the United States took place at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. under the sign of the struggle of classicism with church influence, which was of a reactionary nature. The art of classicism in the era of the bourgeois revolution was strictly rationalistic, that is, it required the complete logical correspondence of all elements of the artistic form to an extremely clearly expressed plan. A characteristic feature of classicism was the inviolability of certain aesthetic norms. Classicism of the beginning of the 1789th century. was not a homogeneous phenomenon, in particular, for France after the revolution of 1794-XNUMX. characteristic was the development of revolutionary, republican classicism, which was embodied in the dramas of M.Zh. Chenier, in the early painting of David, etc. In the same period of time, the development of the philosophical and humanistic classicism of Goethe, Schiller, Wieland begins. Almost simultaneously with the new classicism at the beginning of the XIX century. a new direction of art has arisen - romanticism. In contrast to the socio-political ideals of the classicists, the romantics put forward new heroes - rebellious solitary individualists, irreconcilably hostile to their environment, following unbridled spontaneous impulses of passions and despising any cold rationality. The spirit of revolutionary romance permeated the poems of Byron and Shelley, the works of Mickiewicz and Chamisso, the paintings of the young Delacroix and Goya, the works of the writer Germaine de Stael (1766-1817) etc. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: Asian and African countries at the beginning of the XNUMXth century >> Forward: The development of political thought at the beginning of the XNUMXth century
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