История нового времени. Тридцатилетняя война (1618-1648 гг.) (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Тридцатилетняя война (1618-1648 гг.) (самое важное)

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19. THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - This is a series of military clashes, mainly in Germany, as a result of which the contradictions between Catholics and Protestants, as well as issues of intra-German relations, gradually escalated into a European conflict.

The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 with a Protestant uprising in Bohemia against the future Emperor Ferdinand II, engulfing the last phase of the Dutch Revolution after 1621, fought from 1635 due to a clash of French-Habsburg interests.

Usually there are four main stages of the Thirty Years' War. Czech, or Czech-Palatinate period (1618-1623) begins with an uprising in the Czech, Austrian and Hungarian possessions of the Habsburgs, supported by the Evangelical Union of German Princes, Transylvania, Holland (Republic of the United Provinces), England, Savoy. By 1623, Ferdinand managed to deal with the Bohemian uprising and, with the help of Spain and Bavaria, conquered the County of Palatinate under Frederick V. However, his German aspirations and alliance with Spain caused alarm in European Protestant countries, as well as in France.

В Danish period (1624-1629) the North German princes, Transylvania and Denmark, supported by Sweden, Holland, England and France, opposed the Habsburgs and the League. In 1625, King Christian IV of Denmark resumed the war against the Catholics, acting as the leader of the anti-Habsburg coalition organized by the Dutch. In 1629, after a series of defeats from Tilly and Wallenstein, Denmark withdrew from the war and signed the Lübeck Treaty, after which the power of the emperor reached its highest point.

During the Swedish period (1630-1634) Swedish troops, together with the German princes who joined them and with the support of France, occupied most of Germany, but then were defeated by the combined forces of the emperor, the Spanish king and the League.

In 1635, the civil war in Germany ended with the Treaty of Prague, but resumed the same year, because France entered the war, having concluded an alliance treaty with Sweden and the United Provinces against the Habsburgs. Five years of negotiations ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, but the French-Spanish war continued until the conclusion of the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659).

The Thirty Years' War ended the historical epoch. She decided the question raised by the Reformation - the question of the place of the church in the public life of Germany and a number of neighboring countries. The second most important problem of the era - the creation of nation-states on the site of the medieval Holy Roman Empire - was not resolved. The empire actually collapsed, but not all the states that arose on its ruins had a national character. On the contrary, the conditions for the national development of the Germans, Czechs, and Hungarians have deteriorated considerably. The increased independence of the princes prevented the national unification of Germany, and consolidated its split into a Protestant north and a Catholic south.

The Peace of Westphalia was a turning point in the foreign policy of the Austrian Habsburgs. Its main content in the next 250 years was the expansion to the southeast. The rest of the participants in the Thirty Years' War continued their former foreign policy line. Sweden tried to finish off Denmark, swallow Poland and prevent the expansion of Russian possessions in the Baltics. France systematically took possession of the territories in the empire, without ceasing to undermine the already weak authority of the imperial power here. Rapid rise was to be Brandenburg, who in the second half of the XVII century. became dangerous for its neighbors - Sweden and Poland.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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