History of modern times. Political map of Europe in the 18th century (the most important)

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History of modern times. Political map of Europe in the 18th century (the most important)

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34. POLITICAL MAP OF EUROPE IN THE XNUMXTH CENTURY

The influence of two wars - the “Northern” and the “Spanish Succession” - on the formation of the political map of Europe in the 18th century.

The political map of Europe in the 1701th century underwent repeated changes. Great influence on the formation of the political map of Europe in the XVIII century. had a long war: for the "Spanish inheritance" - 1713-1700. and the Northern War in 1721-1714. As a result of these wars, three states that acted in the XNUMXth century. as great powers - Spain, Holland and Sweden - at the beginning of the XVIII century. lost their former position. XNUMX was the final year for the gradual decline of Spain. This year there was a division of Spanish possessions in Italy and the Netherlands. Holland, which was in the middle of the XVII century. at the zenith of its power, after a few decades, it was forced to cede to England its most important trading and colonial positions. The military power of Sweden was broken in the first quarter of the XNUMXth century, during the Great Northern War. As a result of the Treaty of Nystadt, Sweden lost part of its lands in the Baltic states: Estonia and Livonia. The accession of the Baltic States to Russia put an end to the struggle of the northern powers for possession of it.

During the 18th century. Russia gained dominance in the Baltic and Black Seas, while at the same time its closest neighbors in the west and southwest - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Poland) and the Ottoman Empire - were increasingly declining.

Strengthening Prussia, England and Russia in the 18th century.

In Central Europe, the kingdom of Prussia, despite the dispersion of its lands, became a first-class military power. Gradually, step by step, it increased its territory at the expense of Poland, Sweden, small German principalities and even

Austria. The rise of Prussia weakened the position of the Austrian Habsburgs in Germany; in addition, the latter were forced to concentrate their main efforts on the fight against the Turks and on strengthening their patchwork empire. Therefore, the Habsburgs for a number of decades actually broke away from Germany, with which they were connected only by the title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which became hereditary in their house. The most important interests of the Habsburgs were in Hungary and the Slavic lands taken from Turkey, in the Southern Netherlands and Northern Italy, where they established themselves instead of Spain from 1714.

Hegemony in Western Europe in the mid-18th century. passed from Spain to France, but already in the first half of the 18th century. As a result of wars with England and its allies, France lost its dominance and also lost its most important colonies in America and India. By the middle of the 18th century. England took first place among the states of Western Europe. Thanks to the rapid pace of capitalist development, it emerged victorious from the long struggle with France for supremacy on the seas, for trade and colonial dominance.

Italy in the 1748th century remained fragmented into several states. These included: Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia), Venice, Genoa, Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (whose capital was Florence), the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Duchy of Milan, the Duchy of Parma. Due to fragmentation, the Italian states found themselves in the first half of the XNUMXth century. under the yoke of Spain, and somewhat later - Austria. The wars between the Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs, either dying down or flaring up again, raged on the territory of Italy almost continuously until XNUMX. As a result of these conflicts, most of Italy was captured by Austria.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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