History of modern times. Formation and collapse of the Napoleonic Empire (most important)

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History of modern times. Formation and collapse of the Napoleonic Empire (most important)

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29. FORMATION AND COLLAPSE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

In 1802, Napoleon became consul for life. In May 1804, Napoleon was proclaimed “Emperor of the French,” and in May 1805 in Milan, in the Duomo Cathedral, he was crowned King of Italy.

In 1800, Napoleon made the second Italian campaign, during which the French army defeated the Austrian at the Battle of Marengo. As a result of this campaign, Genoa and Piedmont (the kingdom of Sardinia) were annexed to the French possessions. In 1805, in the battle of Ulm, the Napoleonic army defeated the Austrians, and in November of this year, Napoleon entered Vienna and settled in the imperial palace. In December 1805, 120 km from Vienna, during a fierce battle near the village of Austerlitz, Napoleon won a decisive victory over the Austrian and Russian armies.

In 1806, Napoleon made a campaign with his huge army to Prussia, where he defeated the Prussian army in the battle of Jena. He imposed an indemnity on Prussia and took away part of the territory, and from its Polish possessions he created the Duchy of Warsaw, dependent on France.

In 1808 the French army invaded Spain. Napoleon installed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. After the Peace of Tilsit, a chain of puppet states arose around the borders of France, ruled by the relatives of the emperor.

In 1804 the famous Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code, was published. It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, the inviolability of person and property, freedom of conscience, etc. This Code was distributed throughout all European countries that were part of the Napoleonic Empire.

Napoleon's campaign in Russia

Napoleon conceived a plan according to which in 1812 the Grand Army was sent on a campaign against Russia with the main goal of forcing Alexander I to conclude an agreement with France, under which Russia would participate in the continental blockade of England. June 22, 1812 Napoleon's Grand Army crossed the Russian border and moved to

Moscow. In the main battle at Borodino, Napoleon was unable to defeat the Russian army, commanded by Kutuzov. Having occupied Moscow, he did not wait for the signing of the peace treaty on his terms. With the onset of cold weather, the Napoleonic army left the burning city and was forced to move back.

Led by Russia, a new coalition arose, which included England, Prussia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. Napoleon created an army of several hundred thousand people. As a result, in the decisive battle of October 16-19, 1813 near Leipzig - the “Battle of the Nations” - Napoleon’s army was defeated. On March 31, 1814, coalition troops entered Paris.

Napoleon was forced to sign an act of renunciation, but left the imperial title, after which he was sent into an honorable exile on the small island of Elba off the coast of Italy. Louis XVIII, brother of the executed King Louis XVI, was proclaimed King of France. But on March 1, 1815, Napoleon, with his loyal guardsmen and close people, landed in the south of France and moved to Paris. King Louis XVIII fled. But Napoleon managed to stay in power for only 100 days. On June 18, 1815, the battle of Waterloo near Brussels took place, which the French army lost. Napoleon signed his abdication for the second time. This time he was stripped of his imperial title and exiled to the tiny island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where he died on May 5, 1821, under mysterious circumstances.

As a result of the redrawing of the former empire according to decisions Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 the territory of France was returned to the borders of 1792, in addition, she had to pay a huge indemnity.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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