History of modern times. Paris Commune (most important)

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History of modern times. Paris Commune (most important)

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68. PARIS COMMUNE

Paris Commune - city government. March 26, 1871 (a week after the uprising of the Parisians), elections were held for the Paris Commune - the body of city government. Officials, journalists, doctors, lawyers, workers became members of the Commune. Many of them belonged to the followers of Proudhon (the theoretician and leader of anarchism), some were followers of the teachings of Marx. Many foreigners took an active part in the activities of the Paris Commune: the worker from Austria-Hungary Leo Frenkel, the Polish revolutionaries Yaroslav Dombrovsky and Valery Vrublevsky, the Russian revolutionary Pyotr Lavrov and others.

Reforms of the Commune

The leaders of the Paris Commune declared their desire to carry out reforms: to replace the standing army with an armed people, to introduce election and turnover of officials of the state apparatus, to separate church from state, to introduce free education, to organize labor fairly, etc. The Commune could not do much, but it freed the Parisians from debts on rent, returned without redemption to the owners things pledged in pawnshops, etc.

Since April 1871, armed clashes began between the fighters of the Commune and the Versailles troops. But the forces were unequal, since Bismarck began to return the captured French soldiers ahead of schedule, and Thiers used them to fight the Communards. In addition, the Versaillese received weapons and ammunition from the German command. The province did not support the Communards, because the government of Thiers kindled hatred for the Parisians, who "dared to revolt" when the enemy occupied part of the country. Both sides behaved very cruelly. Referring to the murder of the generals Lecomte and Thomas, the Versaillese shot the captured Communards. In response, the Paris Commune adopted a decree on hostages, which were wealthy Parisians suspected of sympathizing with the Versailles. Even the bishop and several priests were among the hostages. The cruelty of the Communards repelled many Parisians, especially since, as always happens in such cases, representatives of the urban "bottom" took advantage of the situation, seeing in everything that happened an opportunity to kill and rob.

On May 21, the Versaillese launched an assault on Paris. They managed to break into the city, because they were well armed. A fierce fight began. The Versaillese shot down the barricades erected by the Communards with cannons, and then broke through the gaps.

Communards defended every street, every house. Their resistance lasted until May 28, when the last defenders of the commune were shot at the stone wall of the Pere Lachaise cemetery. After that, the Versaillese unleashed a bloody terror against the members of the Paris Commune. Courts-martial operated in the city, and many Parisians were shot without trial or investigation. This week has gone down in French history as the "Bloody May Week". The losses of the Communards at the same time amounted to more than 30 thousand killed - those who died in battles and were shot during the terror, and the losses of the Versailles - only less than 1 thousand people. Especially many among the killed Communards were workers and artisans. In addition, the Versaillese arrested 36 thousand people, sent into exile in New Caledonia - 7,5 thousand people, including 31 women. Contemporaries of the Paris Commune had different attitudes to this event. For some, this is a cruel rebellion caused by anarchy, anarchy, almost a repetition of the Jacobin terror, for others - a great feat, an attempt to realize a utopian dream of a society where social justice and democracy will triumph. The Paris Commune once again showed the need for a political compromise between the government and the people.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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