78. DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY

At the beginning of the XIX century. Conservatism was an influential ideology in society.

Conservatism (from the Latin conservatio - "to protect, preserve") - this is a doctrine that arose back in the XNUMXth century, seeking to justify the need to preserve the old order. Its main principle is the preservation of traditional values: religion, monarchy, national culture, family. Conservatives recognized the right of the state to a strong power that subjugates the individual, and in the field of economic life - the right to regulate the economy, if necessary to preserve traditional values, but without encroaching on the sacred right to property. The conservatives recognized the possibility of carrying out "protective" social reforms, but only as a last resort. They did not believe in the possibility of social equality of all people, they advocated the preservation of estate and class differences. Almost all social legislation of the XIX century. was adopted by the Conservatives. The strongest position in society was held by the British Conservative Party (Tory).

Basic Ideas liberalism (from the Latin liberum - "relating to freedom") appeared in the Enlightenment (at the end of the XVIII century.) At the beginning of the XIX century. they were further developed both in theory and in the practical activities of a number of politicians. The main principle of liberalism is the human right to life, liberty, property, equality before the law, freedom of speech, press, assembly, and participation in the decision of state affairs. Considering the most important value of individual freedom, above all freedom from external coercion, the liberals defined its limits, laid down in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, as follows: everything that is not prohibited by law is allowed. But at the same time, the liberals believed that only those who are responsible for their decisions, that is, first of all, the owner, an educated person, can be free. The path of transformation for the liberals is the path of reform, but not of revolution, while they put forward the demand for limiting the activities of the state by law and proclaimed the principle of separation of the three branches of power. In the economic field, liberalism advocates a free market and free competition between entrepreneurs without intermediaries and without judges.

At the beginning of the XIX century. Along with liberalism and conservatism, socialist ideas about the need to abolish private property and protect public interests and the ideas of egalitarian communism, which were developed in many other works of thinkers of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries, became popular in Western Europe. At the beginning of the XIX century. the teachings of Robert Owen, Henri Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier arose, who were concerned about the fate of the ruined artisans and workers of scattered manufactory, the movement of factory workers who sought to improve their working and living conditions. They tried to create a picture of a new society and state, where there would be no private property, poverty and enmity between members of society, where a person would be protected and respected. At the same time, utopian socialists believed that the transformation of society should take place only peacefully on the basis of religious beliefs and the goodwill of people, and private property should be preserved and serve all members of society, strong state power is not needed.

As the uprisings of 1848 in Europe showed, socialist ideas gained momentum at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. widespread and were very popular among the common people.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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