История нового времени. Крестьянская война в германии (1524-1526 гг.) (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Крестьянская война в германии (1524-1526 гг.) (самое важное)

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7. PEASANT WAR IN GERMANY (1524-1526)

The level of socio-economic and political development of Germany by the beginning of the XVI century. second only to the Netherlands and England. The growth of cities led to the intensive activity of agriculture, which began to bring more income. Landowners increased the old peasant duties and invented new ones. At the same time, the Reformation engendered in the minds of a part of the people a belief in the possibility of change. Caused by the strengthening of feudal oppression Peasant War 1524-1526 in Germany intertwined with the Reformation. For the peasant masses, the Reformation was not only a religious movement associated with the renewal of religious doctrine, but also inspired hope for real socio-political transformations. A priest became the leader and ideologist of the popular Reformation Thomas Munzer (1490-1525). He called for the overthrow of the feudal system and the establishment of a just order. The main regions that were affected by peasant unrest were: Swabian-Black Forest, Franconian, Thuringian-Saxon. In the summer of 1524, the peasants in southern Germany were the first to rebel. Soon the uprising spread to other parts of the country. The peasants, supported by some of the townspeople (especially the plebeians), stormed noble castles and monasteries and captured many cities. The hatred of the peasants for the princes was manifested in the burning of monasteries and castles of feudal lords. Only the part of the burghers and knights that joined the rebels adhered to the tactics of agreement with the feudal lords.

The very first and most decisive program of the rebels was the "Article Letter", the author of which was Müntzer and his associates. This document was based on the requirements of complete property equality, the creation of a free republic. A more moderate reform project was proposed by the authors of "12 Articles". The demands expressed in these articles were very reasonable, fair and could not be called unrealistic. The authors insisted on the abolition of fines for damage caused by livestock to fields, as well as new hardships imposed on the peasantry, demanded free hunting, restoration of old communal liberties. They no longer wanted to be the property of their owners; reminded them that Christ redeemed them too with his sufferings. Moreover, they demanded from preachers chosen by the community to teach them the right faith. In the twelfth paragraph of this program, a desire was expressed to confirm all these requirements with passages from Holy Scripture. In general, the program of the rebels demanded the abolition of serfdom, the reduction of feudal extortions and corvee, and the free use of communal lands. Another ideological document of the rebels, which became a project of imperial reform, was "Geil-Bronn program", prepared Wendel Hipler. It reflected the interests primarily of wealthy citizens and provided for the introduction of a single coin, a unified system of weights and measures, as well as the elimination of internal customs barriers in the interests of the development of trade and entrepreneurship. The "Heil-Bronn Program" was aimed at centralizing the German state. The lack of a single strong leadership and the inability to unite peasant detachments into one large army ultimately led to their defeat. The fragmentation and isolation of the peasants of each region led to the fact that, acting independently, they were unable to help each other when the nobles went on the offensive.

In May 1525, near the city of Frankenhausen, Munzer's detachment was defeated. Soon the peasant uprising was brutally suppressed by the troops of the Swabian League. The peasants resisted for the longest time in Tyrol under the leadership of M. Geismair. The defeat of the peasant war led to increased reaction, the power of the princes, and the consolidation of the political fragmentation of Germany.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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