История нового времени. Мусульманские страны в XVI-XVIII вв (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

История нового времени. Мусульманские страны в XVI-XVIII вв (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

52. MUSLIM COUNTRIES IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES

Muslim countries in the XVI-XVII centuries. were represented by two main states - the Ottoman Empire and Iran (or Persia, then the state of the Safavids). By the end of the XV century. The Ottoman state, as a result of the aggressive policy of the Turkish sultans and the military-feudal nobility, turned into a vast feudal empire. It included: Asia Minor, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Bosnia, Herzegovina and vassal Moldavia, Wallachia and the Crimean Khanate.

At the beginning of the XVI century. The main objects of the aggressive policy of the Turkish feudal lords were Iran, Armenia, Kurdistan and all the Arab countries. The Ottoman Empire reached its greatest power by the middle of the XNUMXth century. under the sultan Suleiman I (1520-1566), called by the Turks the Lawgiver (Kanuni).

In the second half of the XVI century. The Ottoman feudal empire spread over three continents. Within the boundaries of this empire, the vast territories of South-Eastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa were forcibly included.

By the middle of the XVII century. the crisis and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began at the end of the 1683th century, was clearly indicated. The Ottoman Empire did not have internal unity. Its individual parts differed sharply from each other in ethnic composition, language and religion of the population, and even among Muslims there were various groups (in particular, Wahhabis, Sunnis, Shiites). The defeat of the Turkish troops under the walls of Vienna in XNUMX hastened the crisis and decline of the Ottoman Empire.

In the XVIII century. The Ottoman Empire suffered several defeats in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1735-1739. and 1787-1791, as a result of which the disintegration of this state continued. Peasant unrest in Turkey itself also contributed to this process.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire was reflected in the position of the Arab countries that were part of it. In Arabia, for example, a broad religious and political movement arose - Wahhabism, which set as its goal the complete expulsion of the Turks from the Arabian Peninsula.

At the beginning of the 1510th century. On the territory of Iran and Transcaucasia, a vast Safavid state arose, the core of which was Azerbaijan. The formation of a strong Safavid state was met with hostility by its neighbors - the Uzbek state of Sheibani Khan, which emerged at the end of the XNUMXth century. in Central Asia, and the Ottoman Empire. In XNUMX, in the battle of Merv (in the state of Khordean), the Safavid army defeated the troops of Sheibani Khan. As a result of this war, the Safavids captured the state of Khorasan (it included most of the territory of Afghanistan). Frequent military clashes with the Ottoman Empire at the beginning, middle and end of the XNUMXth century were especially important for the Safavid state. The restoration of the power of the Safavid state took place under the Shah Abbas (1587-1628), nicknamed the Great.

In the second half of the XVII century. relative economic growth observed in Iran, the state of the Safavids under Shah Abbas I, his successors - Sefi (1629-1642) и Abbas II (1642-1666) gives way to decline. The foundations of this state were shaken mainly by uprisings in the Iranian regions proper and by the liberation movements of the peoples conquered by the Safavids. After the assassination of Nadir Shah (1747), civil strife resumed in Iran. The Iranian state broke up into a number of independent possessions, the rulers of which waged a fierce struggle among themselves. This struggle continued, with some interruptions, until the very end of the XNUMXth century.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

<< Back: Features of the spiritual and cultural life of Japan

>> Forward: The "European Idea" and the Congress of Vienna in 1814

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Commercial activity. Crib

▪ National history. Lecture notes

▪ Age-related psychology. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Plastic planes getting ready to take off 03.08.2007

At the aircraft factory in Seattle (USA), by order of one of the Italian airlines, a Boeing 787 is being built, two sections of the fuselage of which are made of plastic reinforced with carbon fibers.

Plastics will make up half of the total weight of the 250-passenger liner. This is the largest proportion of plastic. ever used in civil aircraft. The "plastic" plane is due to take off in 2008.

Other interesting news:

▪ A Stimulated Brain Works More Efficiently

▪ sawdust yarn

▪ New 14-pin Flash microcontrollers

▪ The conductivity of the crystal is increased by 400 times

▪ Innovative silicon supercapacitor

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Electric motors. Article selection

▪ article Psycho-emotional reactions to an extreme situation. Basics of safe life

▪ article What is a utopia? Detailed answer

▪ Malva's article is squat. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Solar collectors. Sizing a solar hot water system. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Estonian proverbs and sayings. Large selection

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews