History of modern times. National liberation struggle of Latin American countries (most important)

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History of modern times. National liberation struggle of Latin American countries (most important)

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86. LATIN AMERICA NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE

The struggle of the Creoles against the Spanish colonizers. Formation of independent republics

At the beginning of the XIX century. in the Spanish colonies of Latin America, a patriotic movement of Creoles arose, striving for secession from Spain and the creation of independent states. In the colonies, the Creoles created secret organizations that illegally published and distributed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and other documents of the French Revolution. The defeat of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain by the Napoleonic army created favorable conditions for the rise of the liberation movement in the Spanish colonies. As a result of the success of the Creole national movement in Venezuela, in 1811 it was declared an independent republic. The leader and organizer of the liberation movement, S. Bolivar, issued decrees in which he promised to grant freedom to the slaves who joined the revolutionary army, and land to the peasants. As a result of the active actions of S. Bolivar, a combat-ready army was created. At the head of this army, S. Bolivar crossed the Andes in order to provide assistance to the neighboring country - New Grenada. During a fierce battle, the Spanish troops were defeated. Venezuela and New Grenada were united in 1819 into a single state - Great Colombia. In the same period of time, the liberation movement in Mexico grew and gained strength, where as early as 1810-1811. and 1811-1813. anti-Spanish uprisings broke out under the leadership of Hidalgo and Morelos. The Indians took an active part in these uprisings. After a long war of liberation, Mexico became an independent republic in 1821.

General Simon Bolivar fought for the creation of a democratic republic where the color of the skin of its citizens would not affect their position in society. But Bolívar's attempts to unite the newly independent states, which had a common language and religion, were unsuccessful. The establishment of his personal dictatorship caused resistance, which was expressed in numerous conspiracies and uprisings. As a result, the power of Bolivar was overthrown in Peru and Bolivia, then Venezuela and Ecuador separated from Colombia. Gradually, the influence and popularity of Bolivar dropped to a critical level, and at the beginning of 1830 he resigned.

As a result of the liberation struggle in Latin America, the following states were formed: Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina (United Provinces of La Plata), Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, United Provinces of Central America, Cuba, Mexico. In all independent states, except Brazil, a republican system was established. Brazil was at first an empire, and in 1889 it became a republic. During the XNUMXth century in the young independent states, a parliamentary system was established and constitutions were adopted, slavery was abolished. Political independence made it possible to do away with the numerous restrictions that fettered the economic development of the colonies. More favorable conditions were created for the development of the capitalist economy and entry into the world market, but the preservation of many features of traditional society and its values slowed down this process. In the independent Latin American states, in the course of the liberation struggle, the Inquisition was destroyed, as well as the estate system was liquidated and titles of nobility were abolished. Then the poll tax and forced labor service of the indigenous population were abolished in favor of private individuals, the state and the church, but the owners of latifundia retained huge estates and political power, and the peasants did not receive land.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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