History of modern times. France in the 19th - early 20th centuries (most important)

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History of modern times. France in the 19th - early 20th centuries (most important)

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81. FRANCE IN THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

The economic development of France was hampered not only by a lack of financial resources, but also by a lack of raw materials and coal, machinery and equipment, which had to be imported from England and Germany. At the same time, the development of French industry was hampered by the low purchasing power of the peasants. 85% of peasant farms owned plots of land from 1 to 10 hectares, and many of the land was mortgaged in a bank. France at the end of the 70th century was still an agrarian-industrial country, because during this period of time the peasantry made up XNUMX% of the population.

Gradually, in the 80-90s. XNUMXth century France experienced an economic boom. As in other industrialized countries, large corporations were created in France. There were also large banking monopolies. As a result of this process, about two hundred families were formed in France, connected by business and family ties, which constituted a financial oligarchy. Significantly greater profit than industrial production, gave the export of capital to other countries.

Third republic

After the suppression of the Paris Commune, political reaction was rampant in France. Disagreements in the monarchist camp became the reason for the victory of supporters of the republic in the 1875 vote in the National Assembly. Thus, a constitution was adopted that established a republic in France. The Third Republic emerged and lasted until World War II. The highest legislative body was a bicameral parliament, consisting of the Senate - the upper house and the lower house - the Chamber of Deputies. Executive power belonged to the president and ministers.

Implementation of democratic reforms Since the end of the 70s. 1884th century France began a period of democratic reforms. In particular, a law on freedom of the press and assembly was adopted. In 80, a law was passed allowing the free activity of trade unions and strikes, and municipal councils were given the right to elect their mayor instead of the previously appointed official from the center. In the 1902s. 1910th century "school laws" were adopted, according to which the school was separated from the church, education became secular, and state educational programs were introduced. Since 70, the Republican Party, the Radicals, has been in power. Her great merit was the adoption of labor legislation. Under the new laws, workers received compensation for work-related injuries, they were entitled to mandatory weekly rest. In 65, a law was passed on pensions for workers and peasants, but not from the age of XNUMX, as in Germany and England, but from XNUMX.

Since the late 70s. XIX century French foreign policy was aimed at developing old colonies and capturing new ones. In North Africa, France captured Algeria, then Tunisia and Morocco. In West Africa, the French captured Senegal, Dahomey, part of Sudan, Mauritania and other states. As a result of the new conquests, a huge colonial empire was created, where over 20 million people lived. Using cheap labor, the French colonialists made large profits. The creation of a colonial empire gave rise to acute contradictions with England and Germany.

Socialist ideas became especially popular in France at the end of the 90th century. The Workers' Party of France was born. Its program, created on the basis of the teachings of K. Marx, called for a revolutionary transformation of society. In the XNUMXs. XNUMXth century in France, the activities of the anarchists, who committed a series of bloody assassinations, intensified, and the forces of revanchism intensified, which called for preparations for a war with Germany in order to return Alsace and Lorraine.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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