History of modern times. The "European Idea" and the Congress of Vienna 1814 (most important)

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History of modern times. The "European Idea" and the Congress of Vienna 1814 (most important)

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53. "EUROPEAN IDEA" AND THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1814

The political basis of the "European idea", put forward by the victorious countries (over Napoleon) - England, Russia, Austria and Prussia, consisted in the restoration and strengthening of the old monarchical order in the countries previously conquered by Napoleon; the weakening of France and the creation of guarantees against the restoration of Napoleonic empires and attempts at new conquests; the redistribution of both the colonies and European countries in the interests of the victorious powers and the widespread struggle against the revolutionary movement in all European countries without exception. The practical expression of the "European idea" was the international Congress of Vienna, which it was decided to convene in 1814. This decision was made during the signing by Russia, England, Austria and Prussia - the main participants in the coalition on March 1, 1814 of an agreement to bring the war with Napoleonic France to victory and the conditions of the proposed peace.

The official meetings of the Congress of Vienna began on November 1, 1814 and ended on June 9, 1815.

216 representatives of European states gathered in Vienna, among them were Russian and Austrian emperors, Prussian, Danish, Württemberg and Bavarian kings, ministers, chancellors, and major political figures. The most important role at the congress belonged to Alexander I and the Austrian Chancellor Metternich. The defeated France was represented by Talleyrand.

One of the important features of the Vienna Congress was that for the first time it covered all European powers (except Turkey) with a system of international diplomatic relations.

At the Congress of Vienna, the political program of the Russian Emperor Alexander I was announced, the main provisions of which are:

1) to return to every nation the full and free enjoyment of its rights and institutions;

2) place all nations and ourselves, their sovereigns, under the protection of a common Union;

3) provide for us, sovereigns, and protect nations from the ambitions of conquerors. Thus, the practical implementation of the “European idea” consisted in the creation of a pan-European union, which would become a guarantee of peace and order in Europe. Alexander I at the Congress of Vienna, as the victorious emperor of Napoleon, demanded:

1) to keep for Russia the Duchy of Warsaw, to which he promised a constitution and a national army;

2) destroy the independence of Saxony with its further transfer to Prussia.

Secretly from the Russian Emperor, Talleyrand (minister of the French king of Bourbon) and Prince Metternich (Austrian Chancellor) on the sidelines of the Congress of Vienna formed a coalition against him, a formal offensive alliance from Austria, France and England, joined by three minor powers (Sweden, Spain, Holland) . At the same time, the contingents of almost half a million allied army were determined, Prince Schwarzenberg drew up a plan of military action, and the opening lines of the campaign (against Russia) were assigned. But these plans were not implemented due to Napoleon's escape from the island of Elba at the end of February 1815 with a further victorious campaign against Paris, which he entered without encountering much resistance.

The triumphant return of Napoleon to Paris and the threat of a new war forced the renewal and strengthening of the former coalition of four powers - Russia, England, Prussia and Austria. In May 1815, Alexander I left Vienna for Heilbronn to wait there for the Russian army advancing towards the Rhine. In June 1815, in a battle in the potato fields near the village of Waterloo in Belgium, Napoleon suffered a crushing defeat from the combined forces of the coalition.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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