История нового времени. Рождение либерализма и консерватизма (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Рождение либерализма и консерватизма (самое важное)

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38. THE BIRTH OF LIBERALISM AND CONSERVATISM

During the XVII-XVIII centuries. in the evolutionary direction of socio-political thought, two main trends arose and took hold - conservative and liberal. Initially, they developed in England - the country of the oldest and most stable political traditions. The term itself "liberalism" appeared in Spain only at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. But the liberal tradition arose as early as the middle of the XNUMXth century, during the struggle of the English parliament for its rights.

Respect for these freedoms, respect for the inalienable rights of the individual, are at the heart of liberalism. A kind of "set" of these rights had already been formed by that time along with the development of society. The first of these was the right to freedom of religion. The question about him is still in the XNUMXth century. was decisively set by the Reformation, which led to the spread of Protestant religions in Europe. Then, in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries, the problem of substantiating and securing the right of a person to property, as well as to private enterprise, came to the fore. The most convincing justification for this right was John Locke. He is considered to be the "father of liberalism". Even before Locke, English thinkers wrote about natural human rights, including the right to property. James Harrington (1611-1677) и John Milton (1608-1674). The human right to property, substantiated by Locke and his associates, was then enshrined in the legislation of leading European powers and the United States. But the formal recognition of this right for an individual was not enough for everyone to have property. And its dimensions could not be the same.

Thus, life made urgent the problem of expanding the rights of the individual. The main one was to become the right to influence the policy of the state, that is, the right to elect and be elected to state governing bodies. Participants in the European revolutions in the XNUMXth century fought for this right, and then in the next - the XNUMXth century.

Even earlier, traditions of conservatism arose (from Latin conservatio - "to protect, preserve"), the essence of which is to preserve the established traditional society, everything old and reliable, proven by the experience of decades and centuries. Therefore, the practice of conservatism has existed for about as long as the state and politics have existed. But conservatism as a doctrine, implemented in politics thoughtfully and systematically, and not just out of a desire to change nothing, took shape only by the second half of the XNUMXth century, when the Tory party, conservative in essence, existed in England for about a century. The basic principles of conservatism were formulated by the English publicist and philosopher Edmund Burke (1729-1797). He insisted on the inviolability of traditions illuminated by experience, because only by relying on them can stability and peace be maintained in society. No reforms, Burke believed, should encroach on age-old foundations. He saw the ideal of reform in the English “Glorious Revolution”. At first, Burke adhered to liberal views, but when the revolution broke out in France, he sharply condemned the claims of the bourgeoisie to power and the “bloodthirstiness of the mob.”

Under the influence of a series of revolutions in Europe later, in the XNUMXth century, there was a convergence of the positions of liberalism and conservatism. A number of liberals moved to the position of conservatism. At the same time, the confrontation between the evolutionary and revolutionary directions of socio-political thought came to the fore, which gave rise to another trend - radicalism. It assumed the most decisive struggle for bourgeois reforms, becoming in its own way a development of liberalism. Some thinkers of the time said that liberalism is moderate radicalism.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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