History of modern times. "Holy Alliance" and its role in international politics (the most important)

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History of modern times. "Holy Alliance" and its role in international politics (the most important)

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54. "HOLY UNION" AND ITS ROLE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

In 1815, when the Congress of Vienna ended, the Russian, Prussian and Austrian monarchs signed an agreement on "Holy Alliance". The essence of this agreement was that each of the participants assumed the obligation to achieve strict implementation of the decisions of the Congress of Vienna. Subsequently, other European monarchs joined the Holy Alliance. Until 1822, congresses of the Holy Alliance were regularly convened. England did not join the Holy Alliance, although it actively supported it.

The role of Russia in the "Holy Alliance" was the main and special in nature. “The act of the “Holy Alliance” had an extremely harmful and, moreover, bilateral effect on Western and Eastern Europe, on Russia. The crazy government reaction that arose on the Western European continent after the Congress of Vienna, which Russia had nothing to do with, was placed under the protection of Russian bayonets.

Alexander I, who marched across Europe with the banner of the liberator of Europe, the savior of sovereigns and peoples from French oppression, was at the congresses the oppressor of the same Europe, the sentry of foreign thrones against the peoples. Russia assumed historical responsibility for the personal affairs of her sovereign, which had long been a dark spot on her. On the other hand, such whimsical twists and turns of foreign policy were reflected in the internal life of Russia by a deep discord between the government and the best elements of society, with people's expectations, even with a sense of truth and duty. This discord created one of the gloomy epochs, which were in our history the last 10 years of the reign. No country has ever deserved such grateful solicitude on the part of its government as Russia deserved in 1812-1815. Her victims in the war "(Klyuchevsky V.O. Lecture LXXXIV, Publishing house of socio-economic literature, M., 1958).

The post-Napoleonic arrangement of the world, carried out on a conservative basis, turned out to be fragile. Some of the restored feudal-aristocratic regimes soon began to burst at the seams. The "Holy Union" was active only for the first 8-10 years, and then actually broke up. Nevertheless, the Congress of Vienna and the "Holy Alliance" ensured for several years a general peace in Europe, tormented by the nightmare of continuous wars.

After the death of Alexander I, the new Emperor of Russia, Nicholas I, declared himself free from the obligations of the "Holy Alliance". At the same time, Russia ceased to guard the Western European order created by the Congress of Vienna, leaving this matter to those who were more closely concerned with it.

At the last Verona Congress of the "Holy Alliance" (October 20 to December 14, 1822), opinions agreed only on the question of the Greek uprising. It was condemned by all members of Congress. On other issues, a sharp struggle began. The contradictions between the powers, especially between capitalistically developed England, whose foreign policy was dictated by the bourgeoisie, and the less industrially developed countries, where semi-feudal relations were still strong, shook the foundations of the "Holy Alliance". His ideas and decisions were extremely unpopular in all progressive strata of European society, with which their governments were forced to reckon. The growing liberal bourgeoisie in England sharply and constantly opposed the "Holy Alliance". The Congress of Verona and the intervention in Spain, where the revolution broke out, were the last joint acts of the members of the Holy Alliance.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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