История нового времени. Франция в 1815-1847 гг. (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

История нового времени. Франция в 1815-1847 гг. (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

57. FRANCE IN 1815-1847

After the defeat of Napoleon's army at Waterloo, the Bourbons returned to the French throne. This time, on July 8, 1815, Louis XVIII entered Paris with an appeal in which he convinced the French that rumors about the restoration of tithes and feudal rights were "a fairy tale that does not deserve refutation. The king promised to "forgive past errors" and leave national property in property of those who acquired them during the revolution." But in August 1815 a new reactionary chamber of deputies was elected. Many figures of the revolutionary years and the Napoleonic period were killed without trial. Extraordinary tribunals have handed down more than 10 convictions in political cases. Up to 100 people were dismissed from the civil service, who were considered "unreliable" politically.

Louis XVIII, fearing a new revolutionary explosion in the country, was forced to dissolve in 1816 the "incomparable chamber." New elections brought victory to the moderate royalists, supporters of the constitution. But since 1820, and especially since the end of 1821, when the ultra-royalists came back to power, the reaction increased sharply. The electoral system was changed in a reactionary spirit, preliminary censorship was introduced, schools were placed under the supervision of bishops, 1815-1830. entered the history of France as Restoration period with political dominance in the country of the nobility and clergy. Under the Bourbons, large land ownership prevailed. During this period, the French economy - its agriculture and its industry - continued to develop along the capitalist path. The industrial revolution continued in France. Woolen, silk, metallurgical and some other industries rapidly increased their production. From 1815 to 1829 cotton consumption tripled. Coal mining from 1815 to 1830 doubled, and iron production tripled.

The industrial revolution and the development of capitalism in France led to intensified exploitation of the working class, the impoverishment and ruin of small artisans and handicraftsmen, and to the intensification of the class struggle.

The reactionary policy of the Restoration government, which primarily protected the interests and privileges of large landowners, the nobility and the higher Catholic clergy, had a negative impact on the economic development of France. Dissatisfaction was growing in the country with the dominance of the Jesuits at the Bourbon court, in the administration, in schools, and with the defiant behavior of former emigrant nobles who threatened the peasantry with the restoration of feudal order. The industrial crisis of 1826, and then the depression of 1829-1830, which coincided with a crop failure, worsened the already difficult living conditions of the working people: large masses of people in the cities were deprived of income, poverty and hunger reigned in the countryside. The consequence of this was the growth of revolutionary sentiments among the masses.

As a result of the July Revolution of 1830 in France, which lasted only three days, the bourgeoisie defeated the nobility, but the complete destruction of the monarchy was not part of its plans. The Duke of Orleans, who maintained close ties with the right-wing bourgeois liberals, was placed on the French throne.

Louis Philippe of Orleans was proclaimed first viceroy, and then on August 9, 1830, king of France. This is how the regime of the bourgeois monarchy was established in France. The establishment of this regime, in which the main role was played by bankers, stock exchange and railway "kings", owners of coal mines, iron mines and forests, a part of land owners associated with them, contributed to the industrial and economic development of France in 1830-1847.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

<< Back: England at the beginning of the XNUMXth century The assertion of capitalism

>> Forward: Revolution of 1848 in France

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ History of the economy. Lecture notes

▪ Accounting. Lecture notes

▪ Hospital therapy. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

AI will help Meta achieve realistic sound in virtual worlds 29.06.2022

Meta Company spoke about the work on realistic sound technologies for virtual worlds - the project is being implemented with the assistance of scientists from the University of Texas at Austin. As part of the project, three artificial intelligence models were developed that are available to third-party developers.

As Kristen Garuman, professor of computer science at the University of Texas and director of research at Meta AI, explained, augmented and virtual reality cannot be reduced to only visual component - sound plays an important role in bringing the world to life. Its quality is influenced by various factors: the geometry of the room, the objects placed in it, as well as the distance to the source. Therefore, the idea was born to use artificial intelligence algorithms for sound processing.

The first algorithm is called AviTAR, a "Visual-Acoustic Matching Model" that transforms sound according to the environment. To explain how the algorithm works, the authors of the project gave an example. The mother attended the performance of her child and, using augmented reality glasses, recorded it directly from the auditorium. The algorithm is activated when the woman wants to play the recording at home. The system scans the room, taking into account the interior items located in it, and plays the recording in such a way as if the young artist were performing in the same hall.

The second algorithm is called Visually-Informed Dereverberation. It is intended to remove the reverberation effect from the recording - multiple echoes that occur when sound reflects from walls and other objects. Returning to the example of the children's concert, the mother, when playing the recording at home, will hear nothing but music.

Finally, the third AI model is called VisualVoice - it separates the human voice from other sound sources. For example, if you record a video of two people arguing, the algorithm will highlight one of the voices, drowning out all the others.

As explained in Meta, for this, artificial intelligence needs visual cues - it must "see" who is speaking, and based on this information, distinguish the necessary nuances in the general stream.

Other interesting news:

▪ Asus Strix Arion

▪ crab toothpaste

▪ New technologies for switched networks

▪ Wavecom improves the parameters of the Q24 series

▪ Tesla will clatter its hooves

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Car. Article selection

▪ article Smooth seams - a teaspoon. Tips for the home master

▪ article Which parasitic tree can cut underground telephone cables? Detailed answer

▪ article Electrician. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article And the wind will work. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article What is Wi-Fi? Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews