History of modern times. Power of Charles V (most important)

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History of modern times. Power of Charles V (most important)

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14. POWER OF CHARLES V

Spanish king Charles I (r. 1516-1556) became Holy Roman Emperor. He succeeded his grandfather, Maximilian I, under the name of Charles V in 1519. Under his rule were Spain, Naples and Sicily, the Habsburg lands in Belgium and the Netherlands, Austria and the Spanish colonies in the New World. Spain became a world power, and Charles became the most powerful monarch in Europe. During his reign, Spain was involved in problems that had very little to do with her national interests, but most directly with the establishment of the power of the Habsburgs.

As a result, the wealth and army of Spain were thrown to fight the Lutherans in Germany, the Turks in the Mediterranean, and the French in Italy and the Rhineland. Charles failed to contain the invasion of the Turks and prevent the establishment of Lutheranism in Germany. But, on the other hand, he was more fortunate with the implementation of church reforms, which were adopted by the Council of Trent, held in 1545-1563. Charles's wars with France began with victories, but ended in defeat. Overcoming the difficulties of the first years of his reign, Charles gained authority as a monarch.

After the abdication of Charles from power in 1556, the Austrian possessions passed to his brother Ferdinand, but, despite this, most of the empire went to his son Philip II (reigned 1556-1598). Philip was raised in Spain and, despite his German origin, was considered a true Spaniard. Not as brave as his father, he was cautious, stubborn, and yet convinced that God had entrusted him with a mission to contribute to the final triumph of Catholicism. However, over the long years of his reign, he was haunted by a series of failures. Politics in Belgium and the Netherlands led to revolution (1566) and education in 1579-1581. Republic of the United Provinces.

Attempts to draw England into the sphere of influence of the Habsburgs were also unsuccessful. Finally, in 1588, outraged by the predatory attacks of English sailors on Spanish merchants and the help of Queen Elizabeth to the Dutch, he equipped the famous "Invincible Armada" to land troops on the northern coast of the English Channel. This enterprise ended with the death of almost the entire Spanish fleet. Intervention in the religious wars in France probably prevented the Huguenot from becoming French king, but when Henry IV converted to Catholicism, Philip was forced to withdraw his troops. Major achievements of his policy include the inheritance of Portugal in 1581 and the brilliant naval victory over the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571), which undermined the naval power of the Ottomans.

In Spain, Philip maintained the previous administrative system. Such measures contributed to the fact that he further strengthened and centralized royal power. However, his decrees were often not implemented. The reason for this was a highly developed bureaucratic system, which absorbed all good undertakings in its routine. Under him, the feared Spanish Inquisition was stronger than ever. Cortes were convened less and less often, and in the last decade of Philip's reign the Aragonese were forced to give up their freedoms under pressure from royal power. In 1568, Philip undertook persecution of the Moriscos (forcibly baptized Muslims), etc. provoked their rebellion. It took three years to suppress the rebellion. The Moriscos, who were engaged in commodity production and trade and held in their hands a significant part of the industry and trade in southern Spain, were evicted to the inland barren regions of the country.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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