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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История нового времени. Война за "испанское наследство" и ее итоги (самое важное)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 35. THE WAR FOR THE "SPANISH HERITAGE" AND ITS RESULTS The last Habsburg is king Charles II (1665-1700) had no offspring. The reason for the conflict over Spanish possessions was the dispute over dynastic rights that arose in connection with "Spanish marriages". Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold I were married to the sisters of Charles II and were counting on the transfer of the Spanish crown to their offspring. But behind the disagreements over hereditary rights, the aggressive aspirations of the strongest states of Western Europe were hidden. The real causes of the war were rooted in the contradictions between France, Austria and England. Charles II and the most influential Spanish grandees were afraid of a break with France. In 1700, Charles II died and a French prince, the Duke of Anjou, ascended the Spanish throne; in April of the following year, he was crowned in Madrid under the name of Philip V. Soon Louis XIV recognized the rights of Philip V to the French throne with his charter and occupied the border fortresses of the Spanish Netherlands with his troops. The rulers of the Spanish provinces received orders from Madrid to obey all orders of the French king as if they came from the Spanish monarch. Intending to undermine the trading power of England, Louis XIV wrote to Philip V in Madrid that the time had come to “exclude England and Holland from trade with the Indies.” At the same time, the privileges of English and Dutch merchants in Spanish possessions were abolished. To weaken France, the naval powers (England and Holland) entered into an alliance with Austria, France's main enemy on land. Austria sought to seize Spanish possessions in Italy and the Netherlands, as well as Alsace. Prussia also joined the coalition. The course of the war Hostilities began in the spring of 1701. In 1703, Archduke Charles (the Austrian pretender to the Spanish throne) landed in Portugal with the troops of the allies, which immediately submitted to England and concluded an alliance with her and a trade agreement on the duty-free importation of English goods into Portugal. In 1704, the English fleet bombarded Gibraltar and, having landed troops, captured this fortress. An ally of France, the Duke of Savoy went over to the side of Austria. The French offensive in Southwest Germany was halted by Anglo-Dutch troops under the command of the Duke of Marlborough. Joining up with the Austrians, they inflicted a severe defeat on the French at Hochstadt. In 1706, the French army suffered a second major defeat at Turin from the Austrians under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy. The following year, Austrian troops occupied the Duchy of Milan, Parma, and most of the kingdom of Naples. Only in 1709 did the French troops take revenge in a bloody battle near the village of Malplyake, where the allies (British, Austrians, Germans) suffered huge losses, but the war clearly went on with a preponderance in favor of the latter. The English fleet captured Sardinia and Menorca, in America the British captured Acadia. The Austrian Archduke Charles landed in Spain and proclaimed himself king in Madrid. The Tory party, which was in power in England, leaned towards peace with France. Without devoting Austria to the cause, the British and Dutch governments entered into secret negotiations with France and Spain. In March 1713 was signed Peace of Utrecht, which put an end to French claims to hegemony in Western Europe. England and Holland agreed to recognize Philip V as king of Spain on the condition that he renounce all rights to the French throne for himself and his descendants. Spain abandoned Lombardy, Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples in favor of the Austrian Habsburgs, and ceded Sicily to the Duke of Savoy, Geldern to Prussia, and Menorca and Gibraltar to England. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: Political map of Europe in the XNUMXth century >> Forward: The origins of new ideological and political trends and traditions in the XNUMXth century
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