History of modern times. Austrian Empire and Italy (most important)

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History of modern times. Austrian Empire and Italy (most important)

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62. AUSTRIAN EMPIRE AND ITALY

By decision of the Congress of Vienna, held in 1814-1815, a territorial redistribution was carried out in the interests of the winning coalition. As a result of this redistribution, two Italian regions, Lombardy and Venice, went to Austria in 1815, while Austria itself was included in the new German Union, formed from 39 states.

The peasantry remained disenfranchised, corvée reached 104 days a year, and dues were also collected. The country was dominated by shop restrictions, there were internal customs duties. The Emperor of Austria Franz I, fearing the accumulation of rebellious workers, forbade the construction of new manufactories and factories in Vienna. There was strict censorship in the empire. The schools were under the control of the clergy. The political and spiritual oppression over the peoples of the empire was largely the result of the policy of Chancellor Metternich, who had enormous power and influence. In the 30-40s. XNUMXth century The Austrian empire stretched from Russia to the Balkans and the Alps in the west. It included the territories of Austria itself, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, as well as part of the territory of modern Romania, Poland, Italy and Ukraine. In these lands, a movement for state independence and national independence was constantly growing. The ruling Habsburg dynasty in Austria tried to preserve the empire at the cost of minor concessions to the peoples who inhabited it.

In the 40s. XNUMXth century The Austrian Empire entered a state of political crisis. National movements developed in the empire: liberation movements of the Slavic peoples and Hungarians, and unification movements in the Italian regions of Lombardy and Venice.

The industrial revolution that began in Europe at the beginning of the 30th century did not bypass Austria. It began in the most developed provinces - Lower Austria and the Czech Republic. It became a major commercial and industrial center in the 40s and XNUMXs. XIX century, Vienna, where the first factories appeared. But the scale of the industrial revolution in the Austrian Empire was modest. The development of industry in Austria was greatly hampered by internal customs barriers, as well as the complete lack of internal political unity due to interethnic contradictions and even conflicts. In addition, the position of feudalism was strong in the Austrian Empire.

By decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Italy, previously united under the rule of Napoleon I, was again fragmented into eight kingdoms and duchies, while the northeastern part - the Lombardo-Venetian region, was annexed to the Austrian Empire. The absolute power of the monarchs who joined the Holy Alliance was restored everywhere. In Italy in 1815-1847. semi-feudal nobility and clergy dominated. Political and customs borders lay between the Italian states. Each of the Italian duchies had its own special systems of measures, weights, its own monetary system, its own criminal and civil legislation.

The old feudal order held back the development of agriculture in Italy. Landless peasants were turned into poor tenants and farm laborers, while they received land for rent on share-cropping terms.

In the industrial development of Italy in 1815-1847. lagged behind not only England and France, but also Prussia. The main industry was the production of raw silk. Cotton production developed in the north of the country. Economic development was hampered by poorly developed transport. Back in 1807-1810. in the Italian states, secret revolutionary societies of the Carbonari began to be created, which aimed at uniting the country. After the Congress of Vienna, by 1847, this movement reached its apogee, they saw the solution to their problems in overthrowing the Austrian oppression and replacing autocratic monarchies with constitutional ones.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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