History of modern times. India in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of modern times. India in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

47. INDIA IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES

Political fragmentation and feudal strife at the beginning of the 1526th century. in India, they made it easier for the ruler of Kabul (Afghanistan), Babur, to conquer vast Indian territories from Kabul in the west to the borders of Bengal in the east. In 20, Babur invaded India with a XNUMX-strong army, won several battles and laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire. Having become emperor (“padishah”), Ba-bur put an end to feudal strife and provided patronage to trade. Under Babur's successors, the Mughal Empire continuously expanded its possessions. By the end of the XNUMXth century. it included almost all of India except the southernmost tip of the peninsula, and eastern Afghanistan. (The word “Mogul”, distorted in the Indian manner, i.e. Mongol, became in India the name of part of the Muslim military-feudal nobility, and outside India - the name of the dynasty of Babur’s descendants established on the Delhi throne. These sovereigns themselves did not call themselves Moguls.)

The religion of the conquerors who came to India was Islam, but the bulk of the population, about 3/4, professed Hinduism. Islam became the state religion of the Mughal Empire, the religion of the majority of the feudal nobility. Muslim rulers were able to rule India for several centuries while remaining representatives of a numerical minority of the population, because the policies they pursued were no different from the policies of the Hindu princes. They also maintained law and order, levied taxes, and allowed the “infidels” to live according to their customs in exchange for their observance of the laws.

The Mughal Empire reached its peak during the reign of Akbar (1556-1605). He went down in history as the true builder of the Mughal Empire, a talented reformer who sought to create a strong centralized state. Akbar carried out government reforms. This ruler attracted all the large landowners (Muslims and Hindus) and traders to his side, and encouraged the development of crafts and trade. In the first years of his reign, he carried out a tax reform, establishing a tax for peasants equal to one third of the harvest, and abolishing the positions of tax farmers, while the peasants paid the tax directly to the state. In addition, the tax was collected not from the entire property, but only from the cultivated area. Akbar's religious policy was to recognize all religions as equal. Akbar also became famous as a patron of art. On his orders, scholars and poets translated works of the Hindu epic into Persian. Akbar's "peace for all" reforms strengthened the Mughal Empire.

After Akbar's death, his successors failed to continue the policy of creating a strong centralized state. Indian society was too divided: caste division, Hindu and Muslim religions, many nationalities and peoples at different levels of economic and cultural development.

The empire was also weakened by the fact that it waged endless wars of conquest, caused by the need to grant more and more lands to the nobility, always ready for revolts. But the larger the territory of the empire grew, the weaker the central government became.

Crisis and collapse of the empire in the 18th century.

From the beginning of the XVIII century. the power of the padishahs became symbolic. The provinces were separated one by one. The emperors lost real power, but it was acquired by the princes of the regions of the empire. In 1739, the cavalry of the Persian conqueror Nadir Shah plundered Delhi and destroyed most of the inhabitants of the capital. Then the northern part of India was flooded by the Afghans. In the first half of the XVIII century. India effectively returned to a state of fragmentation, which facilitated European colonization.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

<< Back: Features of the spiritual culture of China in the XVI-XVIII centuries

>> Forward: Strengthening the position of the East India Company

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ International economic relations. Lecture notes

▪ Life safety. Crib

▪ History of world religions. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Metabolic weight gain switch 04.09.2015

Researchers at MIT and Harvard Medical School have discovered a new way to control human metabolism and tell adipocytes, or fat cells, when to store and when to burn fat.

Scientists have found that it's all about the IRX3 and IRX5 genes, which control the process of thermogenesis, in which fats decompose and heat is produced. Usually, the process of thermogenesis is activated by exercise, diet, or sub-zero temperatures, but in some cases, its activation is very difficult.

Studies show that a single nucleotide genetic difference can lead to obesity or overweight. In individuals at risk, the nucleotide base replaces thymine with cytosine, which triggers the action of IRX3 and IRX5. Those, in turn, turn off the process of thermogenesis, which leads to the accumulation of lipids and, over time, to obesity.

By altering this nucleotide using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a technology that allows precise changes to the DNA sequence, scientists can replace cytosine with thymine and thus turn off IRX3 and IRX5, restore thermogenesis to a safe level, and reduce lipid accumulation.

Suppressing the actions of the IRX3 gene in mice resulted in significant changes in the body's energy balance, reduction in weight and all major fat stores, and resistance to high-fat diets.

Other interesting news:

▪ The air became heavier, the kilogram felt better

▪ Compact dishwasher does not require electricity

▪ Chip MediaTek Helio P22

▪ Rocket for flights to Mars and flights on Earth

▪ LCD TVs are ready to push the plasma

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Stories from the life of radio amateurs. Selection of articles

▪ article Linking multiple AVI files. video art

▪ article Where and when was a concept book consisting only of blank pages sold? Detailed answer

▪ article Blueberry swamp. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Low-frequency amplifier on the TA8205 chip. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Attachment to the VCR. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews