History of modern times. Enlightenment in England (most important)

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History of modern times. Enlightenment in England (most important)

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30. EDUCATION IN ENGLAND

Many of the ideas characteristic of the entire "age of Enlightenment" originated in England. One of these ideas was the idea of the "natural man", put forward by Hobbes. For the enlighteners of the 18th century. “natural man” turns into a kind of abstraction of “man in general” - a being that is fundamentally rational, good and social. The thinkers of the new bourgeois England seemed to rehabilitate the “natural man”, speaking out against coercion in both the political and religious spheres.

England is the birthplace of deism - belief in a "spiritual being"

England is the birthplace of deism, that is, the rationalistic belief in a "supreme being" who rules the world in accordance with the "natural" - physical and moral - laws created by him.

The idea of "natural man" in its enlightening understanding lies at the heart of philosophy John Locke (1632-1704) - the first major thinker of the new bourgeois England. Locke's political views are set forth in his "Two Treatises on Government", written under the influence of Hobbes and at the same time in polemic with him. Like Hobbes, Locke in his theory of the state proceeds from the fact that modern society was preceded by a state of nature and that the association of people in social unions arose as a result of their voluntary agreement - the social contract.

Locke puts the principle of the political sovereignty of the people at the basis of his theory of the state, recognizing his right to change state power if it violates the social contract and encroaches on natural human rights - personal freedom and property.

Locke's political theory had a tremendous revolutionary impact on the social thought of the European continent. It was further developed by Rousseau and was reflected in the legislation of the French bourgeois revolution.

In the XVIII century. Classical English political economy emerged. Its largest representative was Adam Smith (1723-1790). Smith's economic teaching develops in the general mainstream of the ideas of the English Enlightenment. In a society of free competition, A. Smith sees order as if established by nature itself. He believes in the possibility of reconciling all private interests and opposes any government intervention in the economic life of the country.

Representatives of the radical democratic trend in the English Enlightenment were Thomas Pan, Price, Priestley, and especially Godwin, who for his time was the most consistent opponent of the English social order. In his work "On Political Justice" William Godwin (1756-1836) considers state power only as a necessary evil, which must disappear as a result of "intellectual and moral progress." The only acceptable form of the state, according to Godwin, is democracy, which ensures the complete equality of all citizens before the law.

Aggravation of social contradictions in the second half of the XVIII century. caused the emergence of a new literary trend in the English Enlightenment - sentimentalism. Its characteristic feature is the appeal to feeling as the highest principle of life. Sentimentalism reflected the first doubts about the rationality of the new system of life. An early manifestation of these sentiments in English literature was the so-called. cemetery poetry of Thomson, Gray, Young, Crabb and others. Peasant poetry occupies a special place in English literature of the Enlightenment in the work of the Scottish folk poet Robert Burns (1759-1796), who glorified the work of the peasant, condemned religious fanaticism, the power of money and the vices of class society.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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