History of modern times. The main stages of the French Revolution (the most important)

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History of modern times. The main stages of the French Revolution (the most important)

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25. MAIN STAGES OF THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION

On June 17, the deputies of the third estate of the Estates General declared themselves the National Assembly. The king's attempt on June 23 to disperse the Assembly failed. On July 9, other deputies joined the Assembly, and it proclaimed itself the Constituent Assembly.

The threat of reprisal against the assembly caused a popular uprising in Paris. On July 14, 1789, the fortress-prison Bastille, a symbol of absolutism, fell. A wave of "municipal revolutions" swept across the country, during which new elected bodies of city government arose. The army of the revolution was created - the national guard, headed by Lafayette.

At a night meeting on August 4, the Assembly announced the complete destruction of the feudal order and the abolition of the oldest seignial rights and privileges. The remaining feudal duties of the peasants were subject to redemption beyond their strength.

The principles of the new society were defined in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen", adopted on August 26, 1789. It proclaimed the sovereignty of the nation, universal brotherhood, freedom and equality of all people.

The “Declaration” served as a preamble to the text of the constitution, the development of which continued until September 1791. At the same time, internal resistance to the revolution intensified. On June 21, 1791, the royal family tried to secretly flee abroad, but were identified and detained in the town of Varennes. The Varenna crisis finally compromised the constitutional monarchy: in the enlightened circles that formed around Condorcet and Brissot, the word “republic” was heard for the first time. In addition, the crisis caused a further rise in the popular movement.

On July 17, a mass demonstration demanding the abdication of Louis XVI was shot on the Champ de Mars in Paris. In an attempt to save the monarchy, the Assembly allowed the king to sign the finally adopted constitution and, having exhausted its powers, dispersed.

In the new Legislative Assembly, which, according to the Constitution, did not include the previous deputies, a different balance of power emerged. The royalists and liberals were replaced by figures from two rival clubs - the Feuillants, supporters of a constitutional monarchy, led by the leaders of the Assembly Condorcet and Barnave, and the Jacobins. Among the latter, more and more disagreements arose, which led to the emergence of factions of Girondins and Montagnards. The first grouped around deputies from the Gironde department Brissot, Vergniaud and others (hence the name “Girondists”). The leader of the latter was Robespierre.

The country's foreign policy situation became more and more complicated. Hoping that the war, which France must inevitably lose, could stop the revolution, Louis XVI, relying on the Girondins, took a risky step. At his suggestion, in April 1792, France declared war on Austria, which was soon supported by Prussia. The consequences turned out to be directly opposite to the goals: the war sealed the fate of the monarch himself; ultimately sent Brissot and his companions to the scaffold; brought Robespierre to power.

On September 21, 1792, legislative power passed to the Convention, in which two political factions competed. On the one hand - Brissot, Vergniaud, Buzot and other Girondins. On the other hand, there are the Montagnards, who often came to the Convention directly from the headquarters of the insurgent Commune: Robespierre, Collot d'Herbois, Billot-Varenne, Demoulins, Saint-Just, Marat. Among them, Danton is the number one figure in the new ministry, the Provisional Executive Council. Between the mountain (Robespierre's supporters) and the Gironde there is a "plain", or otherwise a "swamp", ready to support those who are stronger. At the center of the confrontation was the question of the fate of the king. The mountain, which insisted on the death penalty, won: on January 21, 1793, the king was guillotined in Paris on the Place de la Révolution, now the Place de la Concorde.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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