Table of contents (expand)
56. ENGLAND IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY. THE STATEMENT OF CAPITALISM
England, which emerged victorious from the wars with its main rival - Napoleonic France, in 1815-1816. experienced all the consequences of a severe economic crisis. The enormous costs of the war greatly weakened the English economy. Europe, devastated by long wars, could not yet serve as an extensive market for British goods, especially textiles. The financial situation of England was heavily weighed down by the large national debt (by 1820 it amounted to about 30 million pounds sterling); 35% of the country's entire budget was spent on interest payments.
By the beginning of the 20s. XNUMXth century England overcame post-war economic difficulties and entered a period of industrial growth. The export of British goods increased, in particular, at the expense of the countries of Latin America, which freed themselves from the rule of Spain and Portugal and turned into an extensive market for British goods. The improvement of the economic situation has led to the weakening of political tension in the country. At the same time, some statesmen associated with bourgeois circles considered it more expedient to fight against the democratic movement not only with the help of repression, but also through the implementation of a series of reforms, especially since many of these reforms were in the interests of the industrial bourgeoisie.
1820-1848 were for England the time of development of the industrial revolution. Huge factory cities arose with industry that supplied the whole world with its products. New industrial areas appeared; how Lancashire and Yorkshire developed as centers of the cotton industry; the center of metallurgy grew in Birmingham and Sheffield; mining - in Wales. London, with a population of 2,5 million, has become the world's banking center.
From an agrarian country, England has become an industrial country. In 1811, the rural population accounted for another 35% of the total population of the country, and 30 years later - in 1841 - only 21%. England was covered with a network of highways and canals, which accelerated the pace of her life and the development of her entire economy. In 1811, the first steamboat was launched on the Clyde River, and in 1836 there were already 500 steamboats in English harbors. In 1823 the first railway connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington, in 1829 - Liverpool and Manchester.
A revival of international trade began, the delivery of industrial and agricultural raw materials from numerous English colonies - India, Australia, America, Africa - accelerated. The development of industry in England was facilitated by the influx of cheap colonial raw materials and the sale of expensive English goods on the world market (and not only sale in the colonies).
Between 1832 and 1850 the value of British exports rose from 36 to 71 thousand pounds sterling, the number of workers in textile factories alone increased over the years from 340 to 570 thousand people, and the entire population of England in 1851 numbered almost 21 million people, compared with 16 million in 1831
The main classes in England by the middle of the XIX century. became the working class and the bourgeoisie. Three-quarters of the population of industrial cities were factory and handicraft workers. During this period of time (and especially at the beginning of the XNUMXth century), the English bourgeoisie was in opposition to the ruling aristocracy and waged a constant struggle for parliamentary reform. In this struggle, the bourgeoisie relied on broad sections of the urban population, including workers who fought for universal suffrage.
This is how capitalism was established in England in the first half of the XNUMXth century, which began with the industrial revolution.
Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.
<< Back: Crimean War and the birth of the Balkan crisis
>> Forward: France in 1815-1847
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ History of Economic Thought. Lecture notes
▪ Business planning. Lecture notes
▪ Civil procedural law. Crib
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive Relativistic contraction of the electric field
02.12.2022
Scientists at Osaka University's Institute of Laser Engineering have used ultra-fast electro-optical measurements for the first time to visualize the contraction of the electric field surrounding an electron beam traveling at near-light speed and demonstrated the generation process.
According to the theory of relativity, to accurately describe the movement of objects flying past the observer at a speed close to the speed of light, it is necessary to use the "Lorentz transformation", which combines spatial and temporal coordinates. The Dutch physicist was able to explain how these transformations lead to self-consistent equations for electric and magnetic fields.
Although the various effects of relativity have been proven many times with a very high degree of experimental accuracy, there are still parts of the general theory of relativity (including special relativity) that have yet to be revealed in experiments. Oddly enough, electric field compression is one of them: the modern understanding of electromagnetism is based on the principles of Einsteinian physics.
Now, a research team at Osaka University has demonstrated this effect experimentally for the first time. They measured the profile of the Coulomb field in space and time around a high-energy electron beam generated by a linear particle accelerator. Using ultrafast electro-optical sampling, they were able to register the electric field with extremely high temporal resolution.
Previously, the Lorentz transformations of time and space, as well as energy and momentum, were demonstrated in experiments on time dilation and rest-mass energy, respectively. Then physicists considered a similar relativistic effect, which corresponds to the Lorentz transformation of electromagnetic potentials.
In addition, the team observed the process of electric field compression immediately after the electron beam passed through the metal plate.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ Smallest mobile life form created
▪ The world's largest wave power plant will be built
▪ Opaque transparency
▪ bacterium noise
▪ Brain implants to restore vision
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the site Household electrical appliances. Selection of articles
▪ article Chicken in soup. Popular expression
▪ article Which Canadian city was attacked by troops in German uniforms during World War II? Detailed answer
▪ chili pepper article. Legends, cultivation, methods of application
▪ article Disco-cone antenna. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ article A simplified version of a class B power amplifier. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese