История нового времени. Итоги и значение первой мировой войны (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Итоги и значение первой мировой войны (самое важное)

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92. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The First World War led to serious shifts in the economic situation of the entire colonial world, disrupting the international trade relations that had developed before the war. Since the import of industrial products from the mother countries was reduced, the colonies and dependent countries were able to organize the production of many goods that were previously imported from outside, and this entailed a more accelerated development of national capitalism. As a result of the war, great damage was done to the agriculture of the colonies and dependent countries.

During the First World War, the anti-war movement of workers intensified in the countries participating in the hostilities, which by the end of the war grew into a revolutionary one. A further deterioration in the position of the working masses led to a revolutionary explosion - first in Russia in February and October 1917, and then in Germany and Hungary in 1918-1919.

There was no unity among the victorious powers on the issues of the post-war order of the world. After the end of the war, France turned out to be the most powerful militarily. At the heart of her program for the redivision of the world was the desire to weaken Germany as much as possible. France sought to transfer the German western border to the Rhine, demanded from Germany a large sum to compensate for the damage caused by the war (reparations), to reduce and limit the German armed forces. The program for the post-war organization of the world put forward by France also included colonial claims to some German colonies in Africa, to part of the Asia Minor territories of the former Ottoman Empire. But the debt on war loans from the United States and England weakened the position of France, and she had to compromise with her allies when discussing issues of a peaceful settlement. The British plan proceeded from the need to eliminate the naval power of Germany and its colonial empire. At the same time, the British ruling circles sought to preserve a strong imperialist Germany in the center of Europe in order to use it in the struggle against Soviet Russia and the revolutionary movement in Europe, and also as a counterbalance to France. Therefore, there were many contradictions in the English peace program. The implementation of the English plan for the redivision of the world was also hampered by England's large debt to the United States of America for the supply of arms and goods during the war. Only the United States emerged from the war financially absolutely independently, and in economic development surpassed all countries in the world. Japan, Italy, Poland and Romania also made aggressive demands.

The peace conference opened in Paris on January 18, 1919. It was attended by 27 states that belonged to the camp of the victors. Soviet Russia was deprived of the opportunity to participate in this conference. At the Paris Peace Conference, the issue of establishing the League of Nations was resolved, designed to ensure universal peace by resolving emerging conflicts. The permanent members of the Council of the League of Nations were the five major victorious powers: the United States, England, France, Italy and Japan, and the four non-permanent members were to be elected by the Assembly from among the other countries that were members of the League of Nations. The charter of the League of Nations was signed by representatives of 45 states. The states of the German bloc and Soviet Russia were not admitted to it. Under the influence of the anti-war sentiments of the masses, the Paris Conference included in the Charter of the League of Nations an article providing for economic sanctions and collective military actions of the members of the League of Nations against the state that committed the aggression. In 1921, the Council of the League decided to counter the aggressor only with economic sanctions.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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