Control and revision. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
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Control and revision. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents

1. CONTROL AS A FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT

Management - a specific type of activity that is carried out by special methods and methods, this is the appropriate organization of work.

Control is one of the management functions. In management theory, a unified classification of management functions according to clearly defined characteristics has not yet been developed.

Control functions This is part of the management activity. They determine the formation of the structure of the management system. It is impossible to find one universal principle for the classification of management functions. Lawful different principles for dividing the same volume of management activity arise under the influence of not only the object of management, but also the laws inherent in management itself.

Currently, four main functions are more often called: planning, organization, motivation and control.

Planning. With the help of this function, the goals of the organization’s activities are determined, as well as the means and the most effective methods for achieving them. An important element of this function are forecasts of possible development directions and strategic plans. At this stage, the company must determine what real results it can achieve, assess its strengths and weaknesses, as well as the state of the external environment (economic conditions in a given country, government acts, positions of trade unions, actions of competing organizations, consumer preferences, public views, development technologies).

Organization. This management function forms the structure of the organization and provides it with everything necessary (personnel, means of production, funds, materials, etc.), i.e. at this stage, conditions are created for achieving the goals of the organization. Good organization of staff work allows you to achieve more effective results.

Motivation - the process of encouraging other people to act in order to achieve the goals of the organization. Performing this function, the manager provides material and moral incentives for employees and creates the most favorable conditions for the manifestation of their abilities and professional "growth". With good motivation, the personnel of an organization perform their duties in accordance with the goals of this organization and its plans. The process of motivation involves the creation of opportunities for employees to meet their needs, subject to the proper performance of their duties. Before motivating staff to work more efficiently, the manager must find out the real needs of his employees.

Control. This management function involves assessing and analyzing the effectiveness of the organization's performance. With the help of control, an assessment is made of the extent to which the organization has achieved its goals and the necessary adjustments to planned actions. Control ties together all management functions, allows you to maintain the desired direction of the organization’s activities and promptly correct incorrect decisions.

2. THE ROLE OF CONTROL IN MANAGEMENT

Control - a process that ensures the achievement of the set goals by the system and consists of three main elements:

▪ establishing standards for system performance that are subject to audit;

▪ comparison of achieved results with expected ones;

▪ adjustment of management processes if the achieved results differ significantly from the established standards.

Control is essential for the following reasons:

1) uncertainty disappears. No carefully designed plans and programs of action can take into account all sorts of complications and circumstances. Control is needed in order to, by correcting the solution of the problem, to eliminate or reduce uncertainty;

2) it becomes possible to anticipate crises. Mistakes and small unresolved issues that always exist are sometimes so numerous that they exceed a critical mass. Of course, this happens if the errors are not corrected and the issues are not resolved. Control allows you to fix and correct errors before their consequences lead to a crisis;

3) not only (and not so much) mistakes are revealed as successes. Control allows you to determine the areas of activity that are most promising.

Firstly, control as a managerial (or, more broadly, as a social) action causes a negative attitude towards oneself from both the controlled and the controlling, and the general "dislike" psychologically brings people together, making control a pro forma. Secondly, if control is a comparison of what is with what should be, then only a person who knows what should be can control. He brings this to the attention of subordinates. And, of course, he has reliable information about the state of affairs, that is, he knows what is. A very important conclusion follows from this: timely prompting, advice, informing and correcting the actions of employees, taking into account their right to make mistakes, is an undoubted service that the boss renders to his subordinates. And this brings people together, but not in a negative ("dislike" for control), but in a positive sense.

3. CONTROL FUNCTIONS

Identification of deviations includes a wide range of activities: establishing deviations in the implementation of laws in terms of the use of state budget funds; in the formation of the revenue side and the use of the expenditure side of the budget; in the sphere of financial activity of ministries, departments, enterprises and organizations.

Analysis of the causes of deviations involves the study of the facts that determined this or that deviation, the establishment of personalities responsible for the deviation.

Correction function is to develop proposals to eliminate the identified deviations in the process of formation and execution of the budget, as well as the process of financial and economic activities of enterprises and organizations.

Prevention function. An important prerequisite for the development and basis for strengthening the effectiveness of control activities is preventive work, the purpose of which is to identify the causes and conditions for the commission of offenses and their subsequent elimination in order to prevent new illegal actions and reduce their level in society.

Prevention goals are achieved:

a) in the process of carrying out control activities in identifying offenses and perpetrators;

b) when implementing legal acts adopted as a result of control, in which recommendations are formulated to eliminate the conditions conducive to offenses;

at) in the implementation of specific preventive measures by the control authorities.

A special place in the system of preventive measures is occupied by legal acts of control bodies. The very fact of issuing a reasoned and lawful decision on the case is of great preventive importance, not only for the person found guilty, but also for all persons directly or indirectly involved in the control process. There are a number of special legal acts of a preventive nature, issued by the subjects of control.

Of paramount importance in the activities of control bodies is specific preventive work: summarizing the results of inspections, identifying and studying the causes of certain shortcomings and violations, the conditions that caused them, developing and implementing preventive measures of an organizational and educational nature, giving recommendations and mandatory instructions to authorities management to take appropriate action.

Law enforcement function. The control activity of state bodies is largely law enforcement, although it is not limited to it. As a means of ensuring the rule of law, this function is aimed at suppressing unlawful actions of officials and citizens guilty of shortcomings and violations, and is associated with bringing them to legal responsibility, as well as with the application of state or public pressure measures to these entities.

4. TYPES OF FINANCIAL CONTROL IN FOREIGN PRACTICE

In foreign practice, three types of financial control have developed to date. In the Standards for Government Auditing of the United States General Audit Office (Government Auditing Standards (United States General Accounting Office) the following types of audit are given:

1) fynansovыy (Financial audits);

2) assurance (confirmation) audit (Attestation Engagements);

3) activity audit (Performance Audits).

A similar classification is given in the audit standards of other foreign countries, the experience of which is actively borrowed by the republics of the former USSR. For example, since 2002, the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan has established three types of financial control by state bodies:

1) compliance control - assessment of compliance of the activities of the object of state financial control with the requirements of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

2) control of financial reporting - assessment of the reliability, validity and timeliness of the preparation and presentation of financial statements by the object of state financial control;

3) efficiency control - checking and evaluating the cost-effectiveness, effectiveness and efficiency of the use of objects of state financial control of funds from the republican or local budgets, state assets, state-guaranteed loans, money from the sale of goods (works, services), grants by state institutions.

It should be noted that this kind of classification of the goals of financial control existed in Russia. The Law "On State Control" dated April 28, 1892 stated that state control:

1) monitors the legality and correctness of administrative and executive actions for the receipt, expenditure and storage of capital, which are in charge of institutions reporting to him,

2) draws up considerations on the profitability or unprofitability of business operations, regardless of the legality of their production;

3) considers financial estimates and submissions on the allocation of excess credits of ministries and main departments, revises reporting on the turnover of monetary and material capitals that are in charge of reporting institutions; performs, according to special provisions, the actual verification of monetary and material capital, structures, buildings and other operations, as well as certain items subject to payment of taxes and other fees, and the operation of state-owned and private railways subordinate to his supervision.

Currently, most of the standards for each type of financial control have already been developed abroad; in the national practice of financial control, work on a clear distinction between types of control is just beginning.

It should also be noted that the mentioned three types of control can be distinguished into external and internal control.

5. CONFORMITY CONTROL

Compliance control in a broad sense means the conclusion about the compliance of any system under test with the specified parameters. A more particular case of compliance control is the assessment of compliance with any individual procedures, legislation, etc.

With regard to financial control, control for compliance is considered in a narrower sense - only in relation to the financial aspects of the activity.

The most common task of compliance control is checking the compliance of the organization’s activities with legal requirements.

Since, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, no one can be accused of violating laws, unless it is proven in court, the question of the possibility of classifying the "illegality" of the actions of any official in the process of exercising control remains open.

Many control bodies avoid evaluating actions as “legal” or “illegal” in inspection reports, using mostly less straightforward phrases - “violation detected”, “non-compliance detected”, etc., since any accusatory phrase, if only it is right not proven in court, can be considered as slander on the part of an employee of the control body against an official. This position is also confirmed by the fact that the regulatory authorities do not have the functions of investigation and inquiry, and, consequently, the collection of procedural evidence (with the exception of the right to seize documents that some state control authorities, in particular the Federal Tax Service, have). In most cases, if there is a suspicion of violation of the law, it is recommended to transfer the materials of inspections according to the instructions to the appropriate law enforcement agencies.

The auditor is not responsible for non-compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by the audited entity. However, periodic statutory audits can be seen as a deterrent to non-compliance by the entity with the law. The auditor is recommended to monitor compliance with those regulations, the violation of which may have a significant impact on the activities of the entity being audited. In particular, non-compliance with certain acts may lead to the termination of the activities of the audited entity or call into question the continuity of its activities - such consequences, for example, may arise if license requirements and conditions or other requirements for the activities of the audited entity are not observed (if the bank fails to comply with the requirements regarding own capital and in other cases). However, a specific list of regulations, compliance with which is subject to verification, is not defined. At the same time, the division of responsibility between the management of the audited entity and the auditor is clearly carried out: the auditor should receive official written statements and explanations from the management of the audited entity that the auditor has been informed of all known (that have taken place or possible) facts of non-compliance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the impact of which should be taken into account when preparation of financial (accounting) statements.

6. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Financial reporting control, or financial audit (financial audits) is one of the most regulated types of financial control.

Nevertheless, at present, the issues of checking accounting accounts and financial statements are most settled in the environment of commercial audit control. Commercial audit has standards, methodology and various methods of financial control.

State control bodies, solving essentially the same tasks of checking accounting accounts and reporting, only in relation to, as a rule, budgetary institutions, turned out to be less provided in the normative and methodological terms.

The position of the internal control bodies in relation to the financial audit is ambiguous: on the one hand, it is believed that it is inappropriate to pay twice for checking financial statements - to internal controllers and external auditors; on the other hand, if such a task is set, then internal controllers can use the standards developed by commercial auditors at their own discretion.

Accordingly, each direction of financial control creates a system of its own standards. Moreover, such systems are created both at the national and international levels. In some cases, there are also regional standards, such as EU financial control standards (directives).

The purpose of the audit is to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entities and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Audit activity is understood as entrepreneurial activity for independent verification of:

▪ accounting;

▪ financial (accounting) statements of organizations and individual entrepreneurs.

Reliability in all material respects is understood as the degree of accuracy of financial (accounting) reporting data, which allows users of these reporting to draw correct conclusions about the results of economic activity, financial and property status of audited entities and make informed decisions based on these conclusions. To assess the degree of compliance of financial (accounting) statements with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the auditor must establish the maximum allowable deviations by determining, for the purposes of the audit, the materiality of accounting indicators and financial (accounting) statements in accordance with the federal rule (standard) of audit activity "Materiality in Audit" .

7. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

The main goal of efficiency control is to determine the socio-economic effect of the use of state funds, as well as to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency of using budget funds. In budget systems focused not only on the reasonable and targeted spending of budgetary funds, but also on achieving the final result, it is efficiency control that is becoming increasingly common.

In the theory of financial control, before the emergence of the term "performance audit", there was the term "end-to-end audits", which cover a number of departments that are part of one organization, while checking the activities of the parent organization and its constituent departments. The purpose of the end-to-end audit is, along with checking the financial and economic activities of the organization's divisions, to establish the quality of management of their activities. End-to-end audits are very time-consuming and are used in exceptional cases, when there is evidence of an insufficient level of management of the activities of the organization's divisions by a higher management body.

Performance audit - this is a form of state financial control that provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the work of controlled objects performing state functions and using state resources and the development of proposals to improve the efficiency of their activities.

Objectives of a performance audit:

1) identification of violations and problems in the activities of controlled facilities;

2) analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the activities of executive authorities in the performance of their state functions;

3) analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of funds from the federal and regional budgets and other state resources;

4) development of substantiated recommendations and proposals for optimizing the activities of executive authorities and increasing the efficiency of the use of public resources.

Sample questions to be taken into account when compiling the program and requiring an answer during the control:

1) whether the object of control complies with the requirements of the legislation on public procurement;

2) whether the object of control acquires the appropriate resources in the required quantity, of the appropriate quality and at the appropriate price;

3) whether the object of control properly protects and maintains resources;

4) whether the object of control avoids duplication of work among its employees, as well as work that is unnecessary;

5) whether the object of control uses the optimal amount of resources (personnel, equipment and facilities) for the timely production or delivery of goods or services in the right quantity and quality;

6) whether the object of control complies with the requirements of legislation and regulations governing the acquisition, protection and use of resources.

When checking, two types of performance indicators should be considered:

1) indicators characterizing the direct results of the activities of the objects of verification;

2) indicators reflecting the indirect impact on the social results of their activities.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL TYPES

Depending on the type of information support for control distinguish between:

a) documentary control is the verification of documents;

b) actual control involves checking the controlled objects in kind by inventory, inspection of material objects, control curtain, etc.

The combination of two types of control is most effective, but in some cases either actual control (property is territorially removed or lost) or documentary control (for example, documents destroyed in a fire) is impossible.

Separation of control into cameral and field most typical for state financial control bodies:

1) a desk audit is carried out at the location of the control body, and, as a rule, is documentary;

2) field audit is carried out at the location of the audited organization and can be both documentary and actual.

Depending on the moment of performance of controlled transactions by legislative (representative) bodies There are the following types of control:

1) preliminary - in the course of discussion and approval of draft laws (decisions) on the budget;

2) current (operational) - in the course of consideration of certain issues of budget execution;

3) subsequent - in the course of consideration and approval of reports on the execution of budgets.

Depending on the scope of operations of the managed entity in the course of control the following types of control are distinguished: complex (full) - audits of the financial and economic activities of enterprises, research and development institutions, other institutions and organizations that carry out operational and production activities and are on budget and budget financing;

▪ thematic control audits are a form of current financial control of homogeneous business operations carried out by associations and enterprises, for example, the use of material, labor and financial resources, ensuring the safety of state property.

Depending on the level of organization of financial control financial control is distinguished at the level of:

▪ states;

▪ subject of the Russian Federation;

▪ municipality;

▪ industries;

▪ a separate enterprise;

▪ structural unit (workshop, site, etc.) of the organization.

Depending on the regulatory framework for control distinguish financial control exercised on the basis of: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, constitutional federal laws;

▪ federal laws;

▪ laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

▪ regulations of federal executive authorities;

▪ regulatory acts of executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

▪ local regulations;

Depending on the scope of financial control There are the following types of it: currency;

▪ tax;

▪ customs;

▪ cash turnover, etc.

Depending on the source of funding There are the following types of financial control: at the expense of the audited subject; at the expense of the managing entity; at the expense of third parties.

9. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CONTROL

Depending on the structure of the relationship between the persons exercising control and the controlled entity, the following types of control are distinguished:

▪ external;

▪ internal;

▪ mixed.

The division of control into external and internal is a relative, and therefore a complex concept.

State control for most organizations is external. However, in some cases government control may be classified as internal, for example, an inspection by a line ministry of a subordinate federal unitary enterprise.

Commercial (audit) control, for audited organizations in most cases is external. At the same time, an external audit organization can, on the basis of an agreement, perform the functions internal control, in this case, internal control will be carried out, but by a third party.

Internal control is usually internal. However, if the internal control department is created in the structure of the parent company, and the activities of the subsidiary are subject to inspection, in essence, control for the subsidiary is external, and within a group of companies - internal.

Mixed the type of control is the activity of such controlling entities:

▪ board of directors or supervisory board;

▪ audit commission;

▪ financial control services of the parent company of the holding, exercising control over subsidiaries.

Public control in most cases external. But there may be cases of use and internal public control, for example, by the council of the labor collective.

10. RELATIONSHIP AND DIFFERENCES IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CONTROL

Relations of external commercial (audit) control and internal financial control have a special form. The external auditor can study and use in his work documents prepared by internal control services. However, the external auditor has the right not to trust internal control, assuming his interest in distorting the organization's reporting data.

External auditors have an important impact on the quality of internal controls, including through discussions with management and the board of directors or the audit committee and recommendations for improvement.

The external audit organization should have the right to freely and fully communicate with internal auditors.

To effectively use the work of internal audit, the external auditor should:

a) consider the work plan of the internal audit service for the period of interest and discuss it at the earliest possible stage of the audit;

b) determine the order of meetings with employees of the internal audit service;

at) agree in advance on the timing of the work, the size of the audit sample, the levels of tests, methods for determining the sample and the procedure for documenting the work performed, which will be carried out by internal auditors.

In the case of using the work of internal auditors, the effectiveness of the audit may be affected by the following actions:

a) mutual coordination of audit plans;

b) exchange of reports;

at) regular working meetings;

d) free and open mutual access to working documentation;

d) joint submission of reports to the management and (or) owners of an economic entity;

f) general procedure for documenting an audit.

The audit organization should have access to internal audit reports of interest to it and be informed of any important matter that, in the opinion of the internal auditor, may affect the work of the audit organization.

11. MAIN TASKS AND DIRECTIONS OF EXTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL

The tasks of external financial control are determined by its goals and conditions, the powers of the controlling body and a number of other factors. In this case, most likely, the powers of external control bodies are decisive, since their regulation is determined by legislative and other normative acts and cannot be expanded or curtailed when conducting a separate control measure.

Purpose of the control measure must meet the criteria of legality and reality (reachability at the present stage).

Theoretically, it is possible to supply illegal goals - in this case, any body must have mechanisms to counter illegal orders (ignoring, inaction, reporting to higher authorities, attracting public attention, etc.).

Legitimate goals can be unrealistic for a number of reasons:

1) there is no special control body with the authority to conduct an audit;

2) there are no necessary resources (personnel, finance, equipment, etc.);

3) there is no verification mechanism (norms have not been developed, there is no scientific justification, a reliable methodology for laboratory research, etc.).

All these issues are resolved at the stage of goal setting, i.e., determining the goals of the control measure.

To solve each of the legitimate and real goals of control at each of the levels of management, a specialized control body can be created.

Tasks (or subgoals, private goals) represent the development, detailing of the chosen goal. The broader the stated purpose of the audit, the broader the list of detailed tasks can be.

The tasks of control in relation to each goal are different, since the main goal also differs. However, in the management system, a task at one level is a goal for work at the next, lower level, and, accordingly, requires the development of new subtasks already at this level.

Control tasks can be detailed in its areas, which can also be considered in relation to different levels of control organization. For example, tax audit at the state level falls within the competence of the Federal Tax Service, and an audit organization can create a tax consulting department. At the tax audit stage, there are directions for checking income tax, VAT, etc.

Each of the directions solves its own tasks (subtasks) and determines its own directions.

12. STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL. CHECKS OF THE ACCOUNTS CHAMBER OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the Accounts Chamber) is a permanent body of state financial control, formed by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the basis of Art. 101 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and accountable to him. The range of tasks of the Accounts Chamber:

1) organizing and exercising control over the timely execution of income and expenditure items of the federal budget and the budgets of federal extra-budgetary funds in terms of volume, structure and purpose;

2) determining the efficiency and expediency of spending public funds and using federal property;

3) assessment of the validity of income and expenditure items of draft federal budgets and budgets of federal extra-budgetary funds;

4) financial expertise of draft federal laws, as well as regulatory legal acts of federal government bodies that provide for expenses covered from the federal budget or affect the formation and execution of the federal budget and the budgets of federal extra-budgetary funds;

5) analysis of identified deviations from the established indicators of the federal budget and the budgets of federal off-budget funds and the preparation of proposals aimed at eliminating them, as well as improving the budget process as a whole;

6) control over the legality and timeliness of the movement of funds from the federal budget and funds from federal extra-budgetary funds to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, authorized banks and other financial and credit institutions of the Russian Federation.

The Accounts Chamber exercises control over the execution of the federal budget on the basis of the principles of legality, objectivity, independence and publicity.

In the process of implementing its tasks, the Accounts Chamber carries out auditing, expert-analytical, informational and other activities, provides a unified system of control over the execution of the federal budget and the budgets of federal non-budgetary funds, which provides for: organizing and conducting operational control over the execution of the federal budget in the reporting year;

▪ carrying out comprehensive audits and thematic inspections of individual sections and articles of the federal budget, budgets of federal extra-budgetary funds;

▪ examination of draft federal budgets, laws and other regulatory legal acts, international treaties of the Russian Federation, federal programs and other documents affecting issues of the federal budget and finances of the Russian Federation;

▪ analysis and research of violations and deviations in the budget process, preparation and submission to the Federation Council and the State Duma of proposals for their elimination, as well as for improving budget legislation in general; - preparation and presentation of conclusions and responses to requests from government authorities of the Russian Federation.

Comprehensive audits and thematic audits are carried out at the location of the audited objects. The terms, volumes and methods of their implementation are established by the Accounts Chamber.

Based on the results of the audit or inspection, a report is drawn up, for the reliability of which the relevant officials of the Accounts Chamber are personally responsible.

13. STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL. INSPECTIONS BY THE FEDERAL SERVICE OF FINANCIAL AND BUDGETARY SUPERVISION

The Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision (Rosfinnadzor) is a federal executive body exercising the functions of control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere, as well as the functions of a currency control body, and is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation).

The regulation on the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 15.06.04, 278 No. XNUMX.

Rosfinnadzor has the right:

1) check in organizations receiving federal budget funds, funds from state non-budgetary funds, in organizations using material assets that are in federal ownership, in organizations that receive financial assistance from the federal budget of guarantees from the Government of the Russian Federation, budget loans, budget loans and budget investments, monetary documents, accounting registers, reports, plans, estimates and other documents, the actual availability, safety and correctness of the use of funds, securities, material assets, as well as receive the necessary written explanations of officials, financially responsible and other persons, certificates and information on issues arising in the course of audits and inspections, and certified copies of the documents necessary for the implementation of control and supervisory activities;

2) carry out in organizations of any form of ownership that have received money, material assets and documents from the audited organization, comparing records, documents and data with the corresponding records, documents and data of the audited organization (counter verification);

3) send to the inspected organizations, their higher authorities mandatory submissions or binding instructions to eliminate the identified violations;

4) exercise control over the timeliness and completeness of the elimination by the audited organizations and (or) their higher bodies of violations of the legislation in the financial and budgetary sphere, including through voluntary reimbursement of funds;

5) request and receive information necessary for making decisions on issues within the competence of Rosfinnadzor;

6) order the necessary tests, examinations, analyzes and evaluations, as well as scientific research on the implementation of supervision in the established field of activity;

7) involve, in the prescribed manner, for the study of issues related to the established field of activity, scientific and other organizations, scientists and specialists;

8) provide legal entities and individuals with clarifications on issues within the competence of Rosfinnadzor;

9) exercise control over the activities of the territorial bodies of Rosfinnadzor and subordinate organizations, etc.

14. STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL. FEDERAL TAX INSPECTIONS

The Federal Tax Service (FTS) exercises a number of powers, in particular, it exercises control and supervision of:

1) compliance with the legislation on taxes and fees, as well as regulatory legal acts adopted in accordance with it, the correctness of the calculation, the completeness and timeliness of the payment of taxes and fees, and in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the correctness of the calculation, the completeness and timeliness of the payment to the relevant budget other obligatory payments;

2) the implementation of foreign exchange transactions by residents and non-residents who are not credit institutions;

3) compliance with the requirements for cash registers, the procedure and conditions for its registration and use;

4) completeness of accounting for cash receipts in organizations and individual entrepreneurs, etc.

Onsite tax audit is carried out on the basis of the decision of the head (his deputy) of the tax authority. The duration of an on-site tax audit should not exceed two months.

In exceptional cases, the verification period may be extended up to three months. The period of the audit does not include the period between the delivery to the taxpayer of the requirement to submit documents, on the basis of which the taxpayer has five days to provide the required documents.

As a general rule, the audit is carried out outside the location of the tax authority. Access of officials of tax authorities conducting a tax audit is carried out upon presentation by these persons of service certificates and a decision of the head (his deputy) of the tax authority to conduct an on-site tax audit.

In the course of an on-site tax audit, the following activities are carried out: requesting documents;

▪ property inventory;

▪ inspection;

▪ seizure (seizure) of documents;

▪ counter checks;

▪ involvement of witnesses, specialists, translators;

▪ carrying out examinations. During an on-site tax audit, tax officials examine documents that are important for drawing conclusions about the correctness of calculation and payment of the taxes and fees being audited;

▪ charter of the organization;

▪ constituent documents;

▪ certificate of registration with the tax authority;

▪ tax returns;

▪ financial statements;

▪ bank and cash documents;

▪ invoices and other primary documents;

▪ other documents necessary for the calculation and payment of taxes.

Based on the results of an on-site tax audit, no later than two months after the preparation of a certificate of the audit carried out, authorized officials of the tax authorities must draw up a tax audit report signed by these persons and the head of the audited organization or by an individual entrepreneur or their representatives. The act must contain documented facts of tax offenses identified during the audit, or the absence of such, as well as the conclusions and proposals of the inspectors to eliminate the identified violations and references to articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation providing for responsibility for this type of tax offenses.

15. COMMERCIAL (AUDIT) FINANCIAL CONTROL

Audit activity (audit) - this is an entrepreneurial activity for independent verification of accounting and financial (accounting) statements of organizations and individual entrepreneurs.

State regulation of the audit is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation and the federal executive body authorized by it - the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

An audit can be mandatory (which is required by law) or proactive (which is not required by law).

Audit organization is a commercial organization that performs audits and provides audit-related services.

An audit organization may be created in any organizational and legal form, with the exception of OJSC. The staff of the audit organization must consist of at least five auditors.

The audit organization carries out its activities after obtaining a license on the terms and in the manner prescribed by the above-mentioned federal law and legislation on licensing certain types of activities.

Auditor is an individual who meets the qualification requirements established by the authorized federal body and has an auditor qualification certificate.

The auditor has the right to carry out audit activities as:

▪ an employee of an audit organization;

▪ a person engaged by an audit organization to work on the basis of a civil contract;

▪ an individual entrepreneur carrying out his activities without forming a legal entity.

16. AUDIT

The procedure for conducting an audit is determined by the federal rules (standards) of auditing. At the beginning of the audit, the auditor must obtain evidence of the recognition by the management of the audited entity of responsibility for the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements. The auditor can obtain this evidence by analyzing the decisions of the relevant body that exercises general management of the audited entity (for example, the decision of the Board of Directors to issue financial statements) or financial (accounting) statements certified by the appropriate signatures. In some cases, management prepares a special letter to the auditor confirming compliance with these rules (explicit statements). If the auditor has not received such a letter, but the management has not notified the auditor of the deviation from the rules, the auditor considers these rules to be fulfilled (implicit statement).

Generally accepted rules for preparing financial statements are called prerequisites.

Prerequisites for the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (in relation to groups of similar transactions and events that took place during the reporting period; in relation to balances (balances) on accounting accounts as of the end of the reporting period; in relation to the presentation and disclosure of information) - these are general rules for accounting and financial reporting which by default are assumed to be complied with by the entity being audited.

During the audit, the auditor, in accordance with the approved plan and audit program, collects the necessary audit evidence that confirms or refutes the accuracy of the data submitted for verification of the financial statements, as well as allowing to assess the effectiveness of the functioning of the internal control system of the audited organization. Various methods are used to collect audit evidence: examining documents, monitoring the inventory, sending inquiries to the organization's debtors with a request to confirm the amount of the debt, etc.

Auditing is carried out primarily on a selective basis. If any errors are found in the financial statements, the auditor should consider the possibility of correcting them and invite the organization to correct the statements and prepare a new version of the statements (if possible). Based on the results of the audit of a new version of reporting, if the management of the audited organization refuses or it is impossible to make changes to the prepared version of the reporting, based on the materials received during the audit, the auditor forms his opinion on the reliability of the audited reporting.

Audit report - this is an official document intended for users of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entities, drawn up in accordance with the federal rules (standards) of auditing activities and containing the opinion of the audit organization or individual auditor on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entity and the compliance of the accounting procedure legislation of the Russian Federation.

17. SPECIAL AUDITING ENGAGEMENTS

A special audit assignment is understood as the provision of services established by an agreement with an audit organization to verify the reporting of an organization that is different from the official financial statements, including the verification of special reporting on certain items of financial statements, the quality of property, the use of capital and other issues directly related to financial and economic activities of an economic entity. Auditing organizations may receive special audit assignments:

a) from organizations;

b) government agencies;

at) interested users of the financial statements of any economic entity.

The content, nature and scope of work performed by the audit organization on a special audit assignment depend on the circumstances associated with the need to provide this service.

The audit organization, performing a special task, must remember that each reporting item, as a rule, is associated with other reporting items. When checking one of these interrelated items, the audit organization should use analytical or other audit procedures to assess the comparability of accounting data for these items. Such interrelated articles of financial statements are, in particular, the indicator of the volume of sales proceeds and the amount of receivables, the amount of inventory and the amount of accounts payable, etc.

The audit organization, assessing the possibility of performing a special assignment, must notify the person who commissioned the assignment that additional accounting and other information is required to complete the assignment, and also determine which one.

In contrast to the audit of financial statements, when performing special audit assignments, determining the level of materiality is difficult. If the financial statements of an economic entity as a whole are not submitted to perform a special audit assignment, then the amount of turnover on any accounting account is represented as a relative value (the same turnover on the same accounting account can be large from the point of view of one economic entity and small from the point of view of another's perspective). Not being able to assess the level of materiality with a sufficient degree of accuracy, the audit organization cannot determine the degree of audit risk. The same article of the financial statements in the course of performing a special audit assignment in accordance with the assignment for its implementation can be examined with greater care than when auditing the reliability of the financial statements as a whole.

18. EXPERTISE

The general provisions on forensic examination, enshrined in the Federal Law "On State Forensic Activities in the Russian Federation" dated May 31.05.01, 73, No. XNUMX-FZ, apply to all types of forensic examinations, including forensic accounting.

State forensic activities are carried out in the process of legal proceedings by state forensic institutions and state forensic experts (hereinafter referred to as the expert) and consist in the organization and production of forensic examination.

The task of state forensic activity is to assist courts, judges, bodies of inquiry, persons conducting inquiries, investigators and prosecutors in establishing the circumstances to be proved in a particular case, by resolving issues that require special knowledge in the field of science, technology, art or craft .

During the production of a forensic examination, an expert cannot be in any way dependent on the body or person who appointed the forensic examination, the parties and other persons interested in the outcome of the case. The expert gives an opinion based on the results of the conducted research in accordance with his special knowledge.

It is not allowed to influence an expert on the part of courts, judges, bodies of inquiry, persons conducting inquests, investigators and prosecutors, as well as other state bodies, organizations, associations and individuals in order to obtain an opinion in favor of any of the participants in the process or in the interests of other persons. The expert must:

1) accept for production the forensic examination entrusted to him by the head of the relevant state forensic institution;

2) conduct a full study of the objects and materials of the case presented to him, give a reasonable and objective conclusion on the questions put to him;

3) draw up a reasoned written report on the impossibility of giving an opinion and send this message to the body or person that appointed the forensic examination, if the questions raised go beyond the expert’s special knowledge, the objects of research and case materials are unsuitable or insufficient for conducting research and giving an opinion, and the expert is denied supplementing them, the current level of development of science does not allow answering the questions posed;

4) not to disclose information that became known to him in connection with the production of a forensic examination, including information that may restrict the constitutional rights of citizens, as well as information constituting a state, commercial or other secret protected by law;

5) ensure the safety of the submitted objects of research and case materials.

The expert also performs the duties stipulated by the relevant procedural legislation.

19. TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS. EXAMINATION

In the field of economics, the following types of expertise can be used:

1) handwriting expertise: study of handwriting and signatures;

2) technical examination of documents: examination of document details;

▪ research of document materials;

3) accounting expertise: study of accounting records in order to establish the presence or absence of distorted data in them;

4) financial and economic expertise: ^-study of indicators of the financial condition and financial and economic activity of an economic entity;

▪ study of signs and methods of distortion of data on financial indicators affecting the financial result and calculations of the obligations of a business entity;

▪ study of the calculation of the share participation of founders (shareholders) in the property and distributed profit of an economic entity;

▪ study of signs and methods of distortion of data on financial indicators characterizing the solvency, creditworthiness, use and repayment of loans of an economic entity; - study of indicators characterizing the formation of the size (value) of remuneration in order to establish deviations from current standards.

The production of expert examinations is carried out by employees of the forensic divisions (hereinafter referred to as the ECP), certified for the right to independently conduct expert examinations in the relevant specialty in accordance with the Regulations on the certification of experts for the right to independently conduct forensic examinations and on the procedure for reviewing the level of their professional training. They are subject to the rights and obligations of an expert provided for by the Federal Law "On State Forensic Activities in the Russian Federation", other legislative and regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, and regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

On the basis of the conducted studies, taking into account their results, an expert on his own behalf or a commission of experts give a written opinion and sign it. The signatures of an expert or a commission of experts shall be certified by the seal of the state forensic institution. The conclusion of an expert or a commission of experts should reflect:

1) time and place of forensic examination;

2) grounds for the production of a forensic examination;

3) information about the body or person who ordered the forensic examination;

4) information about the state forensic institution, about the expert (last name, first name, patronymic, education, specialty, work experience, academic degree and academic title, position held), who are entrusted with the production of a forensic examination;

5) expert warning in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the responsibility for giving a deliberately false conclusion;

6) questions posed to an expert or a panel of experts;

7) objects of research and case materials submitted to the expert for a forensic examination;

8) information about the participants in the process who were present during the production of forensic examination;

9) the content and results of research, indicating the methods used;

10) evaluation of research results, justification and formulation of conclusions on the questions posed.

20. EXPERTISE IN TAX CONTROL

The procedure for conducting an examination in the exercise of tax control is regulated by Art. 95 "Expertise" of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, according to which, in necessary cases, an expert can be involved on a contractual basis to participate in specific actions for the implementation of tax control, including during on-site tax audits.

Examination is appointed if special knowledge in science, art, technology or craft is required to clarify emerging issues.

The questions posed to the expert and his conclusion cannot go beyond the limits of the expert's special knowledge. Involvement of a person as an expert is carried out on a contractual basis.

An expert examination is appointed by a decision of the official of the tax authority carrying out the on-site tax audit.

The decision shall indicate the grounds for the appointment of an examination, the name of the expert or the name of the organization in which the examination is to be carried out, the questions posed to the expert, and the materials made available to the expert.

The expert has the right to get acquainted with the materials of the audit related to the subject of the examination, to file petitions for the provision of additional materials to him.

The expert may refuse to give an opinion if the materials provided to him are insufficient or if he does not have the necessary knowledge to conduct an examination.

The official of the tax authority who issued the decision on the appointment of an examination is obliged to familiarize the person being checked with this decision and explain his rights under paragraph 7 of the said article, about which a protocol is drawn up.

When appointing and conducting an expert examination, the person being checked has the right to:

1) challenge the expert;

2) request the appointment of an expert from among the persons indicated by him;

3) submit additional questions to obtain an expert opinion on them;

4) be present with the permission of an official of the tax authority during the examination and give explanations to the expert;

5) read the expert's opinion.

The expert gives an opinion in writing on his own behalf. In the conclusion, the conducted researches, the conclusions drawn and the substantiated answers to the questions posed are presented. If the expert, during the performance of the examination, establishes circumstances that are relevant to the case, about which he was not asked questions, he has the right to include conclusions about these circumstances in his opinion.

The expert's opinion or his report on the impossibility of giving an opinion is presented to the person being checked, who has the right to give his explanations and objections, as well as to ask for additional questions to the expert and for the appointment of an additional or repeated examination.

Additional expertise is appointed in case of insufficient clarity or completeness of the conclusion and is entrusted to the same or another expert.

A re-examination is appointed in case of groundlessness of the expert's opinion or doubts about its correctness and is entrusted to another expert.

21. FORENSIC ACCOUNTING EXPERTISE

Forensic accounting expertise is appointed in cases of need. In each specific case, the person conducting the inquiry, the investigator and the court must resolve this issue based on specific circumstances.

With the help of forensic accounting expertise can:

1) check the correctness of the results of documentary audits, audits, documenting operations for the receipt, preservation, sale of inventory and cash;

2) identify the presence of actual data related to the shortage or surplus of inventory and the amount of material damage;

3) determine the conformity of the reflection in the accounting documents of business transactions with the requirements of accounting and reporting and applicable regulations;

4) establish documentary validity of posting, issue and write-off of materials, finished products, goods, sizes and cost of unaccounted products, determined taking into account the conclusions of technologists, merchandisers and other specialists;

5) ascertain the documentary validity of the amounts for claims resolved in civil proceedings;

6) specify the circle of persons who, during the period of shortage or surplus formation, had inventory items or cash, as well as persons obliged to ensure the fulfillment of accounting and control requirements, non-compliance with which was established during the examination;

7) identify violations in the organization of accounting and control that contributed to the formation of material damage or prevented its timely detection;

8) establish the conditions conducive to committing abuses.

Forensic accounting expertise is appointed by a prosecutor, investigator, bodies of inquiry or an arbitration court, as a rule, after an audit, as a result of which conflict situations were revealed. It is drawn up by a resolution that indicates the grounds for the appointment of an examination, the name of the expert accountant who is entrusted with its production, a list of issues that are intended to be resolved by a forensic accounting examination, and a list of materials provided at the disposal of an expert accountant for an expert study (acts of audits, primary accounting documents, inventory sheets, accounting registers, etc.).

The volume of materials provided to the expert accountant is determined by the investigator. If an expert accountant considers that the materials provided by the investigator are not sufficient for preparing a conclusion, then he can obtain the material of interest to him for research only through the investigator. The investigator may refuse to provide the required materials to the expert accountant, but at the same time he must indicate the reason for the refusal. In such cases, the necessary volume of documents provided to the expert accountant will be determined by the prosecutor supervising the proceedings.

Based on the results of the research, an expert on his own behalf or a commission of expert accountants give a written opinion.

22. THE CONCEPT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

In general internal control system is a set of measures taken by the management of the organization to prevent and identify negative events.

In accordance with the Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation "On the organization of internal control in credit institutions and banking groups" dated December 16.12.03, 242 No. XNUMX-P, internal control is an activity carried out by a credit institution (its management bodies, divisions and employees) and aimed at achieving :

1) efficiency and effectiveness of financial and economic activities when performing banking operations and other transactions, the effectiveness of asset and liability management, including ensuring the safety of assets, banking risk management, which means: identifying, measuring and determining an acceptable level of banking risks, typical opportunities for incurring inherent in banking loss and (or) deterioration of liquidity by the credit institution due to the occurrence of adverse events related to internal and (or) external factors of the credit institution's activity;

▪ constant monitoring of banking risks;

▪ taking measures to maintain a level of banking risks that does not threaten the financial stability of the credit institution and the interests of its creditors and depositors;

2) reliability, completeness, objectivity and timeliness of the preparation and provision of financial, accounting, statistical and other reports (for external and internal users), as well as information security (protection of the interests (goals) of a credit institution in the information sphere, which is a combination of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as systems for regulating the relations that arise in this case);

3) compliance with regulatory legal acts, standards of self-regulatory organizations (for professional participants in the securities market), constituent and internal documents of a credit institution;

4) exclusion of the involvement of a credit institution and the participation of its employees in the implementation of illegal activities, including the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism, as well as the timely submission of information to state authorities and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Distinctive feature of internal control from external is the belonging of the controlling subject to the controlled system. A typical example is the audit department of an organization, which is its own structural unit, and, therefore, reports to the management of the organization. The internal control system almost always bypasses the evaluation of the actions of top management and the owners of the organization and is aimed more at controlling the actions of employees of a lower rank. This is one of the main problems of internal financial control; It is no coincidence that one of the signs of the effectiveness of the organization of the internal control system is the assessment of the level of subordination of controlling entities.

23. RISK-BASED INTERNAL CONTROL MODEL

One of the latest developments of a working group under the auspices of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission - COSO) - The concept of enterprise risk management (Enterprise Risk Management Framework).

The presented internal control model is based on a risk-based approach. In general terms, it can be represented as follows: it is necessary to identify risks (threats to achieving the goal), develop measures to prevent them, and constantly check the efficiency and effectiveness of these measures.

Organizational risk management - a process carried out by the board of directors, managers and other employees, which begins with the development of a strategy and affects the entire activities of the organization. It aims to identify events that may affect the activities of the organization and manage the risk associated with these events, as well as control not to exceed the "risk appetite" of the organization (the risk that it is willing to take) and provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of the organization will be achieved.

Organizational risk management includes:

1) determination of the level of "risk-appetite" in accordance with the development strategy. Management evaluates "risk appetite" at the stage of choosing a strategic option when setting goals that meet the chosen strategy, as well as when developing mechanisms for managing relevant risks;

2) improving the decision-making process regarding the response to emerging risks. The risk management process determines which way of responding to risk in an organization is preferable - avoiding risk, reducing risk, reallocating risk or accepting risk;

3) reducing the number of unforeseen events and losses in business activities. Organizations increase their ability to identify potential events and establish appropriate measures, reducing the number of such events and the associated costs and losses;

4) determination and management of the entire set of risks in economic activity. Each organization faces a large number of risks that affect its various components. The risk management process promotes a more effective response to various impacts and an integrated approach to multiple risks;

5) use of favorable opportunities. By taking into account all potential events, and not just the likely risks, management is able to identify events that represent opportunities and actively pursue them.

Currently, most of the current recommendations on the organization of the internal control system contain the following elements:

1) control environment, or control environment (managerial control and culture of control);

2) activity risks (risk identification and assessment);

3) risk mitigation measures (control actions or controls);

4) Information Systems;

5) monitoring the effectiveness of the control system (monitoring of controls).

24. LIMITATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM

The internal control system can only reasonably prevent negative consequences due to the influence of a number of limitations inherent in any control system. These limitations are due to the possibility of an erroneous judgment of a person when making a decision, or deliberate distortions, or collusion of two or more persons.

Errors in the organization of internal control:

1. Control "on occasion", is aimed not at identifying, but at preventing negativity. Violations are recorded, gradually forming a “dossier” of the employee, which accumulates many years of negativity. Control must be constant, and it is very bad if it is confined to some special cases. The dates and form of control should be planned in advance and agreed upon with employees.

2. Total control has a drawback - it generates negligence, not being, paradoxically, a means of combating it. The manager, who decides to control everything and everyone, releases employees from responsibility, and does not increase their responsibility.

3. Hidden control. Despite the fact that it is ethically incorrect and humiliating not only for the employee, but also for the manager, it still exists in different forms.

4. Control of your favorite area. Having received a higher position, managers very often continue to control those areas, those issues that they supervised before. Firstly, the manager “narrows” the field of control, and secondly, employees very quickly understand what is and is not subject to control. Accordingly, the most competent employees begin to lead the boss “by the nose”, making “mistakes” in the right place so that something else does not fall into his field of vision.

5. Proforma control. The boss is embarrassed to even talk about control, so as not to offend his subordinates. Of course, due to his official duties, he still controls them, but superficially, selectively, with the secret hope that nothing will be discovered.

6. Control due to mistrust. Many people think that control is considered successful only when something is “revealed”, “opened”, “discovered”. Such control is based on the belief that employees always do something wrong, and therefore it is necessary to find this “something”. Suspicion indicates lack of self-confidence. If a person does not have self-esteem, then he feels threatened by others, even if there is really none.

7. Control without feedback. The results of control must be brought to the attention of the employee and be the subject of discussion. Control is fruitless when there is no feedback. Some managers make the mistake of holding onto information about control results as a trump card - to play it, for example, as a counterargument to a salary increase.

8. Surface control. This is, for example, monitoring an employee’s presence at the workplace instead of monitoring work results. Of course, it is necessary, but if all control comes down to minute recording of external actions (time of arrival to work, etc.), then there will be no tangible benefit from it.

9. Non-standard control. This is a non-standard way of intensive control, such as setting a probationary period for a new employee.

25. CONTROL ENVIRONMENT

Control environment includes the position, awareness and actions of representatives of the owner and management regarding the organization's internal control system, as well as an understanding of the significance of such a system for the organization's activities. The control environment includes the following elements:

1) communicating and upholding the principle of integrity and other ethical values. This provision indicates the need:

a) development in the organization of a Code of professional ethics or a similar document that defines ethical standards of conduct;

b) determining the procedure for familiarizing employees with this code, including such measures as familiarization against receipt, discussion, assessment of knowledge of the code during certification, etc.;

2) professionalism of employees. This element is formalized in the form of requirements for job applicants, the presence of clear job descriptions, a constant system of certification and training (improving the qualifications of employees);

3) participation of representatives of the owner. The attributes (characteristic features) that must be inherent in the owner’s representatives are: independence from management;

▪ experience and status;

▪ the extent of their involvement in and supervision of activities;

▪ the appropriateness (proper nature) of their actions;

▪ level of complexity of issues raised and discussed with the management of the organization;

▪ interaction with internal and external auditors;

4) Philosophy and work style of management have a wide range of characteristics: ^-management's approach to identifying and managing business risks;

▪ management's position and actions regarding the preparation of financial (accounting) statements (prudence in choosing accounting principles and a reasonable approach to preparing estimates);

▪ management approaches to information processing, accounting functions and personnel policies;

5) organizational structure. Establishing an appropriate organizational structure includes consideration of key areas of responsibility and authority and an appropriate system of internal accountability;

6) audit commission. The functions of this control body are practically not developed, and for some types of activities (for example, insurance, investment funds), they are not provided for at all;

7) audit committee consists of independent directors. Each of the members of the committee must have a basic knowledge of finance or receive an appropriate education within one year after being elected to the audit committee;

8) internal control unit is created to exercise internal control and assist the management bodies of the organization in ensuring the effective functioning of the organization;

9) assignment of responsibility and authority. This element consists in the division of responsibilities and powers during the implementation of activities and the establishment of a hierarchy of accountability of employees to each other. This element also covers the policy regarding good business practices, the knowledge and experience of key personnel, and the facilities provided to perform their duties;

10) personnel policies and practices.

26. RISKS OF THE ORGANIZATION'S ACTIVITY

First of all, they call the "human factor": it is human nature to make mistakes, treat work negligently, periodically deceive and steal, cheat in a variety of ways; a person can get sick and not go to work. Moreover, this factor can be both internal (employee) and external (fraudster, hacker, etc.). Among the external sources of risk are natural disasters (floods, earthquakes, etc.), the actions of competitors, governments, etc. A special place among the sources began to be occupied by "computer equipment failure", i.e. risk sources can be very diverse.

Risk assessment process by the organization itself is a process of identifying and, if possible, eliminating the risks of business activities, as well as their possible consequences.

When potential risks are identified, management considers their significance, likelihood of occurrence and how to manage them. Management may make plans, programs, take appropriate actions to address these risks, or decide to ignore the risks because of the cost of controls over these risks or for other reasons.

Risks may arise or change due to the following circumstances:

a) changes in the environment of the organization;

b) new staff;

at) introduction of new or changes in existing information systems;

d) rapid growth and development of the organization;

d) new technologies;

f) new approaches to doing business, new types of goods, works, services;

g) restructuring of activities;

with) expansion of operations abroad;

and) new principles, standards, regulations, instructions in the field of accounting and reporting.

The controller should be aware of the organization's actions aimed at identifying business risks, as well as the decisions of the organization regarding the measures taken in relation to these risks and their possible consequences. In assessing the entity and assessing risks by the entity, the auditor considers how the entity's management:

▪ identifies risks of business activities related to financial (accounting) reporting. The risk assessment process also involves analyzing risks to determine which risks can and cannot be controlled by the organization. In relation to controlled risks, the organization must decide whether to accept those risks in full or reduce them through the application of control procedures; For uncontrollable risks, the organization must decide whether to accept those risks or to abandon or reduce the activities associated with them;

▪ assesses the significance of risks;

▪ assesses the likelihood of risks occurring;

▪ resolves the issue of risk management methods.

27. CONTROL PROCEDURES (CONTROL TOOLS)

Control procedures (means of control) are actions that help make sure that the instructions of the management are carried out; for example, the necessary measures are taken in relation to risks that may prevent the achievement of the objectives of the organization.

Control activities can be grouped into the following categories of methods and procedures:

a) authorization (approval by higher management). For example, major transactions must be approved by the board of directors or shareholders' meeting;

b) execution check. Such control activities include: reviews and analysis of actual performance against estimates and forecasts;

▪ reviews and analysis of actual performance compared to previous periods;

▪ correlation of various data (managerial and financial), analysis of their compliance, conclusions about detected discrepancies and corrective actions taken in these cases;

at) data processing. A variety of control procedures in terms of information processing are performed to verify the accuracy, completeness and authorization of operations and are divided in the field of information systems into two large groups of controls: general controls; applied controls.

Examples of common controls:

1) software change controls;

2) controls that restrict access to software or databases;

3) means of control over the implementation of new versions of applied software packages.

Examples of applied controls:

1) checking the arithmetic accuracy of accounting records;

2) keeping records and reviewing accounts, and compiling turnover sheets;

3) automated control procedures: computer testing of input data or control of end-to-end numbering with subsequent issuance of messages or certificates to personnel performing accounting functions about identified inconsistencies, which involves correcting such errors at the time of data entry or subsequently;

d) checking the presence and state of objects. These control actions that ensure the safety of assets include:

1) safeguards that restrict access to assets or accounting records;

2) authorization of access to computer programs and files: introduction of passwords, restriction of access to parts of the program or network;

3) carrying out periodic inventories (for example, comparing the results of recalculation of cash, securities with accounting data);

d) segregation of duties. Separation of responsibility. Giving various people the authority to authorize transactions (issuing permission to perform a transaction), recording transactions in accounting and storage of assets is intended to reduce the possibility of making and hiding errors or dishonest actions in the course of the normal performance of staff duties.

28. INFORMATION SYSTEMS

An effective internal control system requires adequate and comprehensive financial, operational and compliance information, as well as external market information on events and conditions relevant to decision making. Information must be reliable, timely, accessible, correct and properly formatted.

The information systems of an organization are a set of channels for the exchange of information between employees and the external environment and are grouped as follows:

1) information exchange systems with the external environment - mail (including correspondence), telephone lines, facsimile communication, teletype, cellular communication systems, e-mail, telecommunications, courier communication, etc.;

2) an information system between employees, including a system for informing personnel (Internet, etc.); includes a system for the transmission of personnel documentation, draft documents, waybills, invoices, orders, mail and other documents within the organization;

3) proper computer information systems (Internet, etc.).

Information systems carry a number of risks: loss of information (failure to deliver to the addressee or destruction of information, loss of data);

▪ distortion of information;

▪ providing false information (for example, a false fire alarm due to a software glitch);

▪ financial and other losses due to hacking of information systems (hacking of computer files, wiretapping of telephone communication channels, etc.); - a stop in the organization’s work due to a failure of the information system (for example, the Internet does not work, it is impossible to send or receive information, etc.).

An integral part of the information systems is the personnel information system, which ensures that employees understand the duties and responsibilities associated with the organization and application of the internal control system in relation to financial (accounting) reporting.

The information system ensures that the staff understands the nature of their participation in the process of preparing financial (accounting) statements, how their actions in the information system are related to the work of other employees, as well as ways to bring information to managers of the appropriate level about any exceptional situations. Open channels of communication should help ensure that appropriate measures are taken in exceptional situations.

The personnel information system may take such forms as internal regulations of activities, guidelines for the preparation of financial (accounting) statements, instructions and instructions. Bringing information to the attention of employees can be carried out using electronic communication, orally and through orders from management.

29. MONITORING

Monitoring of controls is monitoring whether the controls are functioning and whether they have been changed appropriately if necessary. Monitoring of controls may include activities such as monitoring by management whether counterparty reconciliations are being prepared in a timely manner; assessment by internal auditors of the conformity of the actions of sales personnel with the organization's policy regarding certain terms of contracts with customers; overseeing the compliance of personnel actions with the organization's ethics or business practices policy.

Monitoring of controls includes regularly evaluating the organization and application of controls and taking necessary corrective action on controls as a result of changing operating conditions. Monitoring is carried out in order to ensure the continued effective operation of controls. For example, if you do not monitor the timeliness and accuracy of bank reconciliations, then staff may stop preparing them. Controls are monitored through ongoing activities, stand-alone reviews, or a combination of both.

Continuous monitoring is built into the normal day-to-day activities of the organization and includes regular oversight by management. Sales, purchasing and production managers, at the level of departments and the organization as a whole, are directly involved in resolving operational issues and may question information that differs significantly from what they know about business transactions.

The advantage of continuous monitoring is the rapid detection and correction of deficiencies in the internal control system. Monitoring is most effective when the internal control system is integrated into the operating environment and provides regular reports on the situation. Examples of ongoing monitoring include checking and validating accounting records and reviewing and approving variance reports by management.

In many organizations, internal auditors or personnel performing similar functions contribute to the monitoring of controls by conducting self-assessments of the reliability of controls. They regularly provide information on the functioning of the internal control system, focusing on the assessment of the organization and the application of the internal control system; provide information on the strengths and weaknesses of the internal control system, as well as recommendations for its improvement.

30. ESSENCE OF REVISION

The audit is a system of mandatory control actions for documentary and factual verification of the legality and validity of the business and financial transactions performed by the audited organization in the audited period, the correctness of their reflection in accounting and reporting, as well as the legality of the actions of the head and chief accountant (accountant) and other persons, on which, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulations, responsibility for their implementation is established.

The Procedure for organizing and conducting audits and audits by the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation states that an audit is a system of mandatory control actions for documentary and actual audits of operations with federal budget funds and state off-budget funds, on the use of federal property and the implementation of financial and economic activities performed by the audited object in a certain period, as well as checking their reflection in accounting and reporting. The purpose, objects and types of audit are also defined there.

Purpose of the audit - determination of the legality, completeness and timeliness of mutual payments and settlements of the inspected object and the federal budget, the budgets of state off-budget funds, as well as the efficiency and targeted use of public funds. Audit objects - all state bodies (including their offices) and institutions in the Russian Federation, state extra-budgetary funds, as well as local governments, enterprises, organizations, banks, insurance companies and other financial and credit institutions, unions, associations and other associations (regardless of types and forms of ownership) if they receive, transfer and use funds from the federal budget or use or manage federal property, and also have tax, customs and other privileges and advantages granted by federal legislation or federal government bodies.

inspection is a single control action or study of the state of affairs in a certain area of activity of the audited organization.

31. OBJECTIVES OF THE AUDIT

Audit tasks in an enlarged form represent the implementation of the main goals of the three types of control.

Purpose of conformity testing - checking the compliance of the system with the specified parameters.

Purpose of financial reporting controls (as a special type of control for compliance) - checking the compliance of the procedure for compiling financial statements with accounting regulations and other regulatory acts.

Purpose of performance monitoring - assessment of the economy, rationality and productivity of the adopted management decisions and their implementation.

Within the framework of each of the listed main tasks, smaller (private) tasks, or subtasks of the 1st, 2nd levels, etc., can be implemented.

When assigning a control measure, any of the general or particular tasks can be set, and in principle, the statement of the task determines the type of control measure: survey, tax audit, thematic audit, etc.

A full due diligence audit can cover all objectives for all operations of an organization. If such an audit is necessary and there are arguments to support its effectiveness even at significant costs, then such a wide range of tasks can be included in the audit program.

However, in most cases, verification in all areas is not immediately carried out for many reasons. First, the conceptual basis of control is a "risk-based approach" and it is unlikely that all activities of an organization are at increased risk. Secondly, modern financial control is based mainly on the selective method of verification, as the most effective method of control.

Taking into account these factors, a comprehensive comprehensive audit with a study of all aspects of the organization's activities is carried out mainly in the course of a forensic accounting examination, when, based on the materials of the examination, the court determines the amount of damage and the legality of the actions of the organization's employees.

The correct definition of the tasks of the control measure largely determines the quality of control. A typical mistake is the appointment of a control measure with vague, general tasks, which in most cases also leads to a low quality of control.

32. AREAS OF AUDIT

The directions of the audit check can be considered in various aspects:

▪ functional structure of the organization;

▪ divisional structure of the organization;

▪ territorial structure of the organization.

In aspect functional structure of the organization areas of audit can be activities:

▪ board of directors, manager;

▪ sales department;

▪ logistics department;

▪ production units (departments, workshops, etc.);

▪ accounting;

▪ HR department, etc.

From the point of view of the importance of the unit in the resource management system, the areas of verification can be:

▪ responsibility centers;

▪ income centers;

▪ cost centers, etc.

In aspect divisional structure of the organization the directions of the audit may be separate types of activities of the organization (production, trade, scientific research, etc.) or smaller objects of production of a particular type of product.

In aspect territorial structure of the organization areas of audit may be separate structural units, branches, representative offices of the organization or subsidiaries.

In the case of control of financial statements, the traditional areas are to check:

▪ income;

▪ expenses;

▪ fixed assets;

▪ reserves;

▪ cash;

▪ obligations, etc.

Conducting an audit in organizations of various organizational and legal forms, of course, has some specifics. For example, checking a budgetary institution, in addition to standard directions, also provides for checking the execution of estimates, compliance with budget legislation, etc.

33. PREPARATION PERIOD

The audit is preceded by a preparatory period, during which the audit participants are required to study the necessary legislative and other regulatory legal acts, reporting and statistical data, and other available materials characterizing the financial and economic activities of the organization subject to audit.

With regard to financial control, the task of the survey is to determine the very possibility of conducting control (the availability of primary documents, the readiness of accounting registers, etc.), and if the audit itself is possible, the zones of the most likely occurrence of distortions (errors or fraud), etc.

A comprehensive audit is preceded by careful preparation, study of planning, reporting and statistical data available in the organization that appointed the audit, in financial, banking and other bodies, materials of the previous audit and thematic audits, received signals and other information characterizing the work and financial condition of the audited enterprise ( organizations).

In the process of preliminary study of documents and preparation of an audit (inspection) program, inspectors determine the availability and completeness of the submitted materials of the audited organization (accounting and reporting documents, constituent, registration, planning and other documents). At the same time, original documents that comply with the norms and standards established by the legislation of the Russian Federation are accepted for revision (verification).

In the event of an unsatisfactory state of accounting in the audited organization or the absence of the necessary documents, the management of the control and audit body has the right to accept and send materials to the law enforcement agency for taking action against the officials responsible for accounting, as well as a reasoned decision to suspend the audit (inspection) until the full restoration of accounting.

Based on the study of these materials, an audit program (task) is developed, providing a list of the main audit issues that should be focused on, as well as the period for which the audit should be carried out. Along with the program, a plan is being developed for the simultaneous audit of cash registers and inventories of material assets.

34. AUDIT PLANNING

Planning - this is the development by the regulatory body of a general inspection plan indicating the expected scope, schedules and timing of the control, including the development of a program that determines the volume, types and sequence of control procedures necessary to implement the tasks. Specific audit issues are determined by the program or the list of major audit issues (hereinafter referred to as the audit program).

audit program includes its theme, the period to be covered by the audit, a list of the main objects and issues to be audited, and is approved by the head of the control and audit body. The audit program may contain the following sections: the purpose of the audit;

▪ issues to be verified;

▪ means and conditions necessary for conducting the audit;

▪ terms and place of execution;

▪ composition of audit participants;

▪ Forms for documenting the audit.

The program is developed on the basis of the current guidance material and the experience gained by the audit body and is approved by the head of the audit body or the customer.

A comprehensive audit provides for the participation of specialists in production technology, planning, supply, marketing, finance, accounting, etc. The head of the audit ensures the correct alignment of forces on the spot, monitors the completeness and quality of the audit of individual sections of the facility, provides practical assistance to the audit participants in work, supervises the preparation of audit materials, represents in the relevant services and organizations.

The composition of the audit participants is drawn up by a decision of the state body or an order for the organization, which also establishes the audit period. Based on the audit program, the members of the audit team (controller-auditor) determine the need for and the possibility of applying certain audit actions, methods and methods for obtaining information, analytical procedures, the size of the data sample from the audited population, providing a reliable opportunity to collect the required information and evidence.

The preparation of the auditors for the audit ends with a briefing meeting, which is held by the head of the audit. At this meeting, the audit manager has the opportunity to focus the audit participants on the main tasks that need to be solved, give the auditors a number of practical advice on the organization of work at the audit site, their personal behavior during the audit, listen to each audit participant and clarify any questions to him.

At the meeting, the readiness of the auditors for the audit is checked. If it turns out that the participants in the audit do not know the necessary regulatory materials well, they have not studied the information characterizing the activities of the facility scheduled for audit, the audit should be postponed. It is better to start it later, but to prepare more thoroughly.

The timing of the audit, the composition of the audit group and its head (controller-auditor) are determined by the head of the control and audit body, taking into account the amount of work to be done arising from the specific tasks of the audit and the characteristics of the audited organization, and, as a rule, cannot exceed 45 calendar days.

35. REVIEW

The audit of the financial and economic activities of the organization is carried out by:

▪ checking constituent, registration, planning, reporting, accounting and other documents in form and content in order to establish the legality and correctness of the transactions performed;

▪ checking the actual compliance of completed transactions with the data of primary documents, including the facts of receipt and issuance of funds and material assets indicated in them, actual work performed (services rendered), etc.;

▪ organizing, in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, counter-inspections of the receipt and expenditure of federal budget funds, the use of extra-budgetary funds, income from property in federal ownership - comparison of the records, documents and data available in the audited organization with the corresponding records, documents and data, located in those organizations from which funds, material assets and documents were received or issued. The control and audit body, if it is necessary to conduct counter-inspections in organizations located on the territory of other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, addresses this issue to the control and audit departments of the Ministry of Finance of Russia in the relevant constituent entities of the Federation, which are obliged to ensure that counter-inspections are carried out as soon as possible and the materials of inspections are sent to the control - the audit body at whose request the inspections were carried out. At the same time, applications must indicate the full names of organizations and taxpayer identification numbers (TIN), in which it is necessary to carry out counter checks, their legal addresses, telephone numbers, accounts in the organizations' bank institutions, as well as a list of issues to be checked; - organizing procedures for actual control over the presence and movement of material assets and funds, the correctness of cost formation, the completeness of the receipt of products, the reliability of the volumes of work performed and services provided, including with the involvement of specialists from other organizations in the prescribed manner, ensuring the safety of funds and material assets by organizing inventories, surveys, control launches of raw materials and materials into production, control analyzes of raw materials, materials and finished products, control measurements of completed volumes of work, examinations, etc. In the absence or neglect of accounting in the audited organization, the head of the audit group (controller -auditor) draws up a corresponding report on this and reports to the head of the control and audit body. The head of the control and audit body sends to the head of the audited organization and (or) to a higher organization or body exercising general management of the activities of the audited organization a written order to restore accounting records in the audited organization.

The audit is carried out after the restoration of accounting in the audited organization.

36. REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCUMENTATION OF CONTROL ACTIONS

The controller must ensure complete documentation of each inspection fact and issue conclusions based on the results of inspections, reflecting all issues studied during the inspection, identified shortcomings and violations, recommendations for their elimination, as well as for the application of disciplinary and other measures to violators.

Any measure of financial control must be accompanied by mandatory documentation, i.e. reflection of the information received in the working documentation, drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory authority.

The materials of control measures are a source of information about the legality of the financial and economic activities of the audited enterprise. They consist of a consolidated audit report and annexes to it, reflect all violations and shortcomings, misappropriation, misappropriation and inefficient spending of public funds and property or financial resources of the organization.

Working documentation includes:

a) audit programs;

b) descriptions of the procedures used by controllers and their results;

at) explanations, explanations and statements of employees of the audited organization;

d) copies, including photocopies, of documents of the audited organization;

d) descriptions of the internal control system and organization of accounting of the audited organization;

f) analytical documents prepared by the controller;

g) other documents.

The description of the procedures used by the controllers includes the materials of the personal control actions of the inspector: inspection of buildings and structures, inspection of production, the procedure for exporting and importing valuables to the territory of the enterprise, the condition of the perimeter fence, the possibility of entering the enterprise in addition to the checkpoint, studying the submitted primary accounting documents, analyzing the results operation of the internal financial control system, etc.

The working documentation also includes an audit report or other final document, and properly executed annexes to it, to which there are links in the audit report (documents, copies of documents, summary certificates, explanations of officials and financially responsible persons, etc.).

Audit materials are submitted to the head of the audit body no later than three working days after they are signed in the audited organization. On the last page of the act of audit, the head of the control and audit body or a person authorized by him makes a note: "Materials of the audit are accepted", indicates the date and signs.

37. DOCUMENTARY CONTROL. RESEARCH METHODS OF A SINGLE DOCUMENT

When examining documents, several types of checks are used.

formal verification - can be defined as an assessment of the appearance of a document: filling in the details, the presence of a number, date, signatures, the presence of corrections and other visually distinguishable signs. In this case, the documents are studied in order to identify defects in the execution of documents, to establish the correctness of filling in the details and the presence of unspecified corrections, the correct assignment of numbering, the identity of dates (for example, on an account cash warrant - the date of execution and the date of receipt of funds) erasures, additions of text and numbers , compliance of the document with the current standard form, etc.

Arithmetic check - This is a check of the correctness of the sum, the result of other arithmetic operations. This method is used to determine the correctness of calculations in documents and to detect errors or abuses veiled by arithmetic operations. A typical method of fraudulent activity is the misrepresentation of the amount. It can be used to identify arithmetic inconsistencies between private and total amounts. These inconsistencies can be identified both in horizontal lines (for example, when multiplying or adding), and in vertical lines (correct calculation in individual columns and the total amount, expressed both in quantitative, natural, and in value terms).

Logical check - this is a consideration of the essence of the operation, assessment of the conformity of the essence and form of the document, accounting entry, verification of the powers of the officials who signed the documents, etc. Such a check allows you to determine the objective possibility and purposefulness in spending money and material resources, the reality of the relationship between individual business transactions . The implementation of a logical check is determined by the qualifications of the inspector, knowledge of the necessary regulatory documents, and the ability to analyze the relationship of business operations.

Logical verification is carried out by means of comparison, comparison, comparison, etc.

Special checks. An example would be handwriting examination - a special method that allows you to determine the legitimacy of a signature on a document. With the use of an electronic signature, this procedure becomes more complicated, so an expert in the field of computer technology is also involved, since the signature may be genuine, but delivered (electronically) without the knowledge of the official. The same problem occurs when checking documents with a fax signature. Occupies a separate place tracking procedure. If the listed types of verification are applied to one document, then tracking involves studying sequentially prepared documents and analyzing them to ensure that the essence and parameters of the operation are preserved. For example, checking an agreement with a supplier for terms, assortment, prices, then checking the supplier's invoice, invoice for compliance with the contract, then checking warehouse accounting documents for the posting of this delivery, recording these values in the inventory sheet, until these values are written off from accounting. The length of the traceability chain depends on the specifics of the activity.

38. METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION OF RELATED DOCUMENTS

Methods for studying related documents include cross-checking and mutual control.

Counter check involves comparing different instances of the same document. This type of audit is also carried out by the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision.

Most primary documents are drawn up in two or more copies. When performing business transactions, they fall into:

1) for internal operations - to different divisions of the same enterprise;

2) in external operations - to different organizations.

At the same time, the most common cases are non-receipt of goods and funds received in other organizations, a decrease in the amount of material assets received by forging those copies of documents that are received by the relevant organization.

It is advisable to use this method only in two situations:

1) when the persons being checked destroyed the copy of the document that was only with them, but the copies were preserved in other organizations (subdivisions);

2) when, as a result of the forgery, there were discrepancies in the content of different copies of the same document. In this case, the criminals managed to falsify not all copies, i.e., their originals were preserved.

Mutual control method is to use in any combination of a variety of documents, directly or indirectly displaying the audited business transaction.

Various accounting documents, as well as documents of operational and technical accounting (weight log, rejection log, logs of transport entering and leaving the enterprise, schedules for the delivery of goods, etc.) can be compared.

This method accomplishes two main tasks:

1) false documents are detected;

2) the circle of persons involved in the commission of an unlawful act is determined.

The presence of forgery in the documents can be indicated by two groups of signs detected by mutual control:

▪ lack of necessary interrelated documents (a break in the “chain” of documents);

▪ contradictions in the content of interrelated documents.

The method of mutual control of documents solves another rather important problem - the modeling of a lost or distorted document. By comparing various documents, it is possible to build a document model in its original (original) form, which can serve as a source of information about the information contained in it.

By creating such a document model, you can set:

▪ the actual content of the document with all its details;

▪ details of the document that prompted criminals to destroy or falsify it;

▪ traces of a business transaction indicated in a lost or distorted document, which may be reflected in other information media (“chain” and “circle” of documents).

39. METHOD OF RECOVERY OF QUANTITATIVE ACCOUNTING

Methods for checking documents reflecting homogeneous transactions include the restoration of quantitative accounting, the control comparison of balances, chronological and comparative analyzes, etc. e. control conversion of finished products into raw materials.

Restoration of quantitative (quantitative-varietal) accounting can be used when conducting a documentary audit in any sector of the economy, but most often this method is used in trade and public catering enterprises (warehouses, wholesale depots, shops, cafes, canteens, etc.).

A continuous or selective restoration of quantitative accounting is possible: in the first case, the entire file cabinet is restored, in the second, the movement of individual types of goods is checked. In practice, a continuous restoration of quantitative accounting is time-consuming and auditors use it only when necessary.

In some organizations (public catering establishments, warehouses) all incoming and outgoing transactions with material assets are documented in primary documents, but secondary accounting is kept only in total monetary terms.

The absence of quantitative-sum accounting, i.e. accounting for the movement of goods in quantitative and monetary terms for individual items and varieties, contributes to the concealment of abuses in which, as a result of forgery in primary documents, data on the real movement of individual values change, but the total amount of the cost of goods adjusted to the real one.

Typical examples of such abuses are: when performing warehouse operations - the release of goods of a lower grade under the guise of a higher one, during production operations in public catering enterprises - replacing some products with others, cheaper ones. The total surplus is realized through the withdrawal of cash proceeds, the appropriation of valuable goods, and the issuance of non-commodity invoices.

This method is most effective in the following situations:

1) at the base, in violation of the instructions, quantitative records were not kept at all, which was used to conceal theft;

2) entries in the card index do not correspond to the primary documents and conditions for the implementation of operations;

with) the card index was not kept in sufficient detail (accounting for average prices, sorting by articles, etc.).

These and other similar abuses can be revealed by restoring quantitative and total accounting. In practice, it is carried out as follows: a separate card is created for the goods of each name, variety and price, in which all movement and balances of this product for the period under review are noted on the basis of inventory lists and income and expenditure documents. Comparison of accounting balances with actual ones at the end of each inventory period makes it possible to identify surpluses of some goods and shortages of others.

40. METHOD OF CONTROL COMPARISON OF REMAINS

The method of control comparison of residues is most often used by control and auditing bodies in identifying theft at retail and public catering enterprises in cases where the method of restoring quantitative accounting cannot be applied. Data on the balance of goods according to the inventory list at the end of the audited inventory period is compared with the final data on the movement of this product for the entire period starting from the previous inventory.

In the control comparison of balances in retail trade, the following documents are used: two inventory records (at the beginning and end of the inventory period);

▪ receipt documents for the audited period;

▪ consumable commodity documents (sale of goods in small wholesale, on credit, documents for the return of goods, acts for writing off goods, cash register tapes and checks). Using these documents, the auditor analyzes the movement of a specific product and makes a quantitative sample of it. Based on the sample, the maximum possible balance of goods on the day of inventory is calculated, which is compared with the balance according to the inventory list.

The maximum possible balance is understood as the balance of goods that could be available during the next inventory, provided that the population did not acquire a single kilogram or item of goods for the entire inventory period. As a result of the control comparison of residues, two results can be obtained: surplus goods;

▪ shortage (which indicates the possible sale of goods to the public without reflecting this fact in accounting).

Both of these indicators can be used in proving illegal activity. For example, a surplus of an item being checked can be called:

▪ receipt of unaccounted for goods (including the replacement of some goods with others upon receipt of them from suppliers);

▪ additions to the inventory at the end of the inventory period in order to temporarily conceal the shortage;

▪ registration of non-commodity consumable documents;

▪ failure to include any goods in the inventory at the beginning of the period in order to conceal the total surplus;

▪ mistakes of financially responsible persons and members of inventory commissions.

The application of this method is most effective in cases where law enforcement agencies receive the following information: on the sale of unaccounted goods in a trade organization;

▪ on registration of non-commodity consumable documents;

▪ about forgery in commodity reports associated with untimely recording of primary receipts and expenditure documents in order to conceal shortages and surpluses;

▪ inclusion in the inventory at the time of inventory of non-existent or borrowed goods in order to conceal shortages;

▪ concealment of total surpluses during the inventory period. Very often, the last two cases are used to distort inventory data during the period of changes in prices (rates) for goods. However, there are certain limitations in using the method of control comparison of residues. These include the delivery of goods to “free space”. Most often, such illegal deviations are used in the field of trade and public catering, when goods are sold for cash without the use of cash registers (dealers, micro markets, fairs, etc.).

41. METHOD OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. RECEIVING CONFIRMATIONS

Сравнительный анализ provides for a mutual comparison of the content of different (but identical in form) documents that display operations similar in content. It is based on comparing the compared business transaction with similar ones in order to identify possible deviations that are difficult to explain by ordinary reasons.

This method is mainly used to search for primary information about the facts of possible abuses.

The subject of comparison can be various details of documents: quantitative and qualitative meters, dates of preparation of documents, etc.

At the same time, such deviations of the content of a separate document from the indicators of other similar documents can be established that cannot be explained by a normal, normal economic process or do not have objective (economic) justifications at all.

For example, an analysis of the release of the same product from a wholesale base, but to different stores, to different entrepreneurs can help narrow the search circle and draw the attention of inspectors to the economic activities of a particular entity.

Obtaining written references from various enterprises about the business transaction being checked or the content of the documents being checked can be carried out by sending a written request, which must be drawn up on the letterhead of the organization and certified by the signature of its head.

This technique is also widely used to obtain comprehensive evidence from relevant experts and officials during the course of the audit. For all facts of violations, embezzlement, shortages, surpluses, as well as identified significant errors in accounting, the relevant responsible persons are obliged, upon a written request from law enforcement or audit authorities, to provide written reports in the form of certificates and provide them (directly or by mail) to the regulatory authority.

Many structures have the right to send a request and receive information: the Antimonopoly Committee; Federal Labor Inspectorate; State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification; Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision. So, in order to establish the fictitiousness of transactions reflected in sales receipts, the controller-auditor or investigator can obtain a certificate from the relevant store stating that the assortment does not contain the goods indicated in the receipts; to confirm the falsity of an order issued in the name of a certain person, you can get a certificate from the address bureau stating that this person does not live at the indicated address, or a certificate stating that the enterprise indicated in the accounting documents does not exist at all, etc.

42. ACTUAL CONTROL. INVENTORY

This is the most common method of actual control. With its help, not only control over the safety of the organization's property is carried out, but also the reliability of actual data on the presence of property is ensured.

An order to conduct an inventory of a taxpayer's property during an on-site tax audit, the procedure and terms for conducting it, and the composition of the inventory commission shall be taken by the head of the tax authority (his deputy) at the location of the taxpayer, as well as at the location of his real estate and vehicles. The main objectives of the inventory are to identify the actual presence of property and unrecorded objects subject to taxation; comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data; verification of the completeness of the reflection in the accounting of liabilities.

The tax authorities have the right to engage experts, translators and other specialists to conduct an inventory of the taxpayer's property.

Before starting to check the actual availability of property, the inventory commission should receive the latest receipts and expenditure documents or reports on the movement of material assets and cash at the time of the inventory.

The chairman of the inventory commission endorses all receipts and expenditure documents attached to the registers (reports), indicating “before the inventory on “...” (date),” which should serve as the basis for determining the balance of property by the beginning of the inventory according to the accounting data.

Financially responsible persons give receipts that by the beginning of the inventory, all expenditure and receipt documents for property have been handed over to the accounting department, reflected in the accounting registers or transferred to the commission, and all values \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthat have come under their responsibility have been credited, and those that have been retired have been written off. Similar receipts are also given by persons who have accountable amounts for the acquisition or powers of attorney to receive property.

Information about the actual availability of property is recorded in the inventory lists or inventory acts in at least two copies.

The inventory commission ensures the completeness and accuracy of entering data on the actual balances of fixed assets, stocks, goods, cash and other property in the inventories, the correctness and timeliness of the registration of inventory materials.

The actual availability of property during the inventory is determined by mandatory calculation, weighing, measurement. The taxpayer must create conditions that ensure a complete and accurate verification of the actual availability of property within the established time limits (provide labor for weighing and moving goods, technically sound weighing equipment, measuring and control instruments, measuring containers).

For materials and goods stored in the undamaged packaging of the supplier, the quantity of these valuables can be determined on the basis of documents with mandatory verification in kind (for a sample) of a part of these valuables. Determining the weight (or volume) of bulk materials is allowed on the basis of measurements and technical calculations.

43. HANGING AND REMEASURING

This is a check of the actual availability of values recorded in receipts and expenditures and inventory materials.

This method should not be confused with the actual inventory, although it does include weighing, remeasuring, measuring the values mentioned in the documents.

Control reweighing and remeasuring should be carried out only with serviceable weighing instruments. If reweighing is carried out on scales (dial, desktop, commercial, electronic, etc.) where the goods were purchased, then these scales should be carefully examined for seals, the absence of mechanical damage, if necessary, adjusted in level and set exactly to "zero". ".

If weighing instruments are unbalanced or generally unsuitable for use, they are subject to withdrawal, and subsequent weighing is carried out on a control scale. If necessary, a metrologist may be invited to check weighing instruments.

The effectiveness of the method largely depends on the timeliness of application. When checking income and expense documents, it works most often at the time of performing a business transaction. So, the auditor, on his own initiative or on behalf of law enforcement agencies, can verify the actual volume of the consignment with the contents of the invoice at the time of transportation or receipt of goods at the buyer's warehouse.

Verification is also possible at the end of the operation, but immediately, until, for example, a commodity-free receipt is not masked by an equally non-commodity expense.

This technique is often used to check inventory materials, when questionable inventory items are controlled by repeated removal of residues.

44. CONTROL MEASUREMENT. INSPECTION OF THE TERRITORY AND PROPERTY

Control measurement differs from the control measurement in the way of execution: measurement is a measurement of external parameters (thickness of a concrete screed, brickwork, etc.), and measurement is a method of determining the actual presence of property located in a container, for example, in a tank.

Measurements require technical training of the controller, since the calculation of the volume of a substance in a container requires, as a rule, knowledge of the dependence of volume on temperature, methods for converting volume into mass, etc.

Inspection of the territory and property - this is a check of the real state of the means of the economy, mentioned in the content of the document, by examining and examining certain objects.

A wide variety of objects can be inspected: production premises, equipment, territories, warehouses, products, etc. If necessary, the heads of the inspected object (individual entrepreneurs) or persons responsible for certain areas of work and who can give the necessary explanations are involved in the inspection or inspection.

Such an inspection is carried out by police officers, and inspections are authorized to be carried out by inspectors-auditors, representatives of the tax inspectorate who carry out inspections, trade inspectorates, SES bodies, Gosstandart inspectors, and representatives of the state labor inspectorate.

In trade organizations, to check many business transactions, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination of labeling, trademarks, the presence of excise stamps, and other distinguishing features of specific goods. The data obtained during the inspection are compared with the content of accounting documents. In cases where it is required to study the properties of the goods being inspected to verify the documents, a commodity specialist may be involved in the inspection.

When examining the weight facilities, the following violations can be detected:

▪ absence of a mark on weighing instruments;

▪ lightweight weights;

▪ weighted weighing bowls;

▪ unbalanced scales, etc.

In turn, inspection of retail premises will allow to establish violations in the use of cash registers. All data obtained during the inspection are compared with the content of accounting documents.

If a deeper check and clarification of the state of accounting and compliance with the technological process is necessary, the inspector examines individual sections of the enterprise. In the process of this activity, the facts can be established:

▪ violation of product storage rules;

▪ unsatisfactory organization of the access control regime;

▪ concealment of objects from taxation, etc.

45. SAMPLE REMOVAL. QUALITY ANALYSIS OF RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS

In the process of inspection and examination of various objects, inspectors can take samples and sampling raw materials, materials, products for their subsequent analysis in laboratories.

Analysis of the quality of raw materials, materials and finished products makes it possible to identify the facts of the use of defective raw materials, the replacement of some materials with others, cheaper ones, underinvestment in products, distortions in the quality indicators of accepted or manufactured products. Such facts may indicate not only violations of production technology, established rules, norms, standards and specifications, but also abuses associated with the creation of unrecorded surpluses of material values.

The specified method of actual control is provided for in clause 13 of the Instruction on the procedure for conducting an audit and verification by the control and audit bodies of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 14.04.2000, 42 No. XNUMXn.

This method is used most often during the survey of the state of work in a particular area of activity of the audited organization. At the same time, it is necessary to strive to take for analysis products released before the start of the audit, or raw materials put into production by the same time. Otherwise, the check may be ineffective.

If quality control is possible without special laboratory tests and is carried out right at the location of the product, then the persons responsible for this area of work and the persons being checked must take part in it. In this case, it is necessary to follow the established rules regarding the methodology and technique for obtaining samples and samples.

The audit should be formalized by the relevant act if its results are relevant for the audit. In cases where the analysis must be carried out in a laboratory, the auditor organizes the taking of appropriate samples or samples of raw materials, materials. This action is documented by an act signed by all those present. In some cases, it is possible to formalize the receipt of samples, samples with documents provided for various ministries and departments. The results of laboratory analysis in the form of an appropriate document are attached to the audit report.

46. CONTROL START OF RAW MATERIALS (MATERIALS) INTO PRODUCTION

This method is used when it is necessary:

▪ check the correctness of the standards for consumption of raw materials and materials that are in force or previously in force at the enterprise during the audited period;

▪ establish actual consumption, amount of waste, output of finished products;

▪ check the technological process, equipment performance.

For this, appropriate experimental actions are carried out, for example, cutting fabrics, producing meat products, baking bread, etc.

The control launch of raw materials and materials into production helps to identify various shortcomings and violations in the rationing and production technology, to reveal theft and other abuses associated with the creation of unaccounted for surpluses of material assets through the use of inflated consumption rates and unreasonable write-offs in excess of the norms, changes in the technological regime, distortion of quality product indicators.

It is necessary that the production of products is carried out in the same conditions and in the same manner as it was carried out before. Only under this condition, the results of the ongoing control operation can be used to establish the actual consumption of raw materials and materials during the release of products, obtain additional information about theft, etc. Data on the situation and the production process that existed earlier, the auditor receives by studying the relevant documents: approved norms, specifications, technological maps, production journals, documents on accounting for the consumption of raw materials and materials, output, laboratory tests, etc.

The explanations of officials and employees who previously worked at the enterprise are of great importance. As a result of the study, it can be established that the nature and conditions of production have not changed. In these cases, any regular launch of raw materials and materials can be taken as a control. If the data has changed or been distorted, the event should be organized taking into account these changes by recreating the previous conditions. The participants in this control launch of raw materials into production should, as a rule, be the same employees of the enterprise who previously worked in this production, including officials whose performance is being checked.

When organizing and conducting a control run, it should be borne in mind that in order to conceal violations and abuses, the audited persons often incite workers or themselves try to fraudulently change certain essential conditions of the experiment and distort its results. In this regard, for better monitoring and control over compliance with the conditions of the experiment, it is advisable to involve non-interested persons or to conduct an experiment with the participation of a group of auditors.

The entire course of this event from beginning to end with the necessary details is recorded in one or more acts signed by its participants. The results recorded in the act are used in a further audit and are then reflected in the general audit report.

47. CONTROL PURCHASE

The control purchase is carried out by the controller himself or by the buyer in the presence of two members of the public. The purpose is to establish compliance with the rules of trade, financial or business activities. During the control purchase, the actual weight of the goods sold, the correctness of monetary calculations are determined.

Certain actions are imitated by the inspector, therefore, the control purchase, in essence, is an imaginary sale and purchase transaction made by inspectors only to achieve a certain goal and without the intention of creating legal consequences corresponding to it (see Article 170 and Chapter 30 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) .

It should be noted that the amendments and additions made to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Police" deprived the police officers of the right to make control purchases.

In the control purchase process, the controller or buyer asks to sell him a certain amount of a product. After the goods are weighed (measured) by the seller, handed over to the buyer and settlement is made with him, the purchase is declared "control" and the head of the trade enterprise is called. In the presence of the seller, manager, two buyers, the actually released goods are checked and the correctness of the calculations is carried out by reweighing, measuring, recalculating the goods.

In the trading floors of grocery stores, control scales can be installed in a place accessible to the buyer, and in stores selling fabrics - control meters.

The correctness of pouring liquids is checked by pouring it into a graduated cylinder (flask), which has the appropriate marking and is pre-rinsed with a similar liquid.

The correctness of the packaging of goods is established by weighing at least 10 plumb lines and determining the average weight.

The measurement of woolen, linen, terry, costume and clothing fabrics, batting when released to the buyer is carried out by imposing a wooden block meter on the fabric lying on the counter (table) in a free state, without folds.

The results of the control purchase are documented in the act of the control purchase, which is signed by all participants in this action. The act is drawn up in the form established for each controlling department.

48. CONTROL MEASUREMENTS

Control measurements of the work performed are most often used to check the performance of construction, installation and repair work. With their help, the actual volume and cost of the work performed are established and the correctness of their reflection in the acts of acceptance of work and work orders is checked, as well as the correctness of the write-off of materials for the production of these works.

As a rule, the measurement is carried out with the involvement of construction specialists. When preparing the measurement, specific objects, structural elements and types of work to be checked are determined. After that, the number and cost of work performed since the beginning of construction and paid for by the audited work acceptance certificates or work orders are calculated. These data are compared with the data of the design and estimate documentation, and deviations in the nature, quantity and cost of work are revealed. If it becomes necessary to check the correctness of the write-off of materials, then the types and quantity of written-off materials are calculated.

Interested officials, executors responsible for the construction or repair of the facility and signing work acceptance certificates, orders and documents for writing off materials are involved in the measurement - these are usually foremen, site managers. In addition, representatives of the customer, the estimate and design organization, workers whose names are indicated in the orders for the performance of the inspected work, and representatives of the public can be invited to participate in the measurement.

The main method of measuring construction work is instrumental measurement (tape measure, meter, geodetic instrument, etc.). Verification of the scope of work on structures, the measurement of which is not necessary or difficult, is carried out according to the working drawings and specifications after establishing the compliance of the work performed with the working drawings and if the structure is in the position provided for by the project.

When measuring, the following documents are used: acts for the performance of work, log books of work performed, which are maintained for each construction site, logs for the consumption of building materials, work orders, acts of geodetic measurements, acts of technical inspection of buildings, acts of acceptance of work, design and estimate documentation, accounting data on the write-off of materials, etc.

Measurements check:

1) compliance of the nature, quantity and cost of the work performed with those specified in the acceptance certificates and orders, as well as in the project and estimate;

2) compliance of the work performed with the scope of work provided for by the estimated norms, on the basis of which the unit prices, calculations and list prices applied in the calculations, as well as the prices in the orders, were compiled;

3) completeness of objects, structural elements, stages and types of work or their parts (in cases where it matters for the revision).

The results of the measurement of the work performed are reflected in the measurement act drawn up by the auditor together with the construction specialist, which is signed by all participants in this action.

49. REVISION OF CASH. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

1. Discuss with representatives of the audited organization how they assess the risks of misrepresentation of data on the amount of funds in the financial statements.

2. Discuss what measures they are taking to reduce the risk of employees misrepresenting such data.

3. Request documents regulating such procedures.

4. Request documents confirming the implementation of such measures. Study the contents of such documents, the results of control, the degree of compliance with established regulations or provisions. Talk to the people who conducted the events and signed the final documents.

5. Repeat (if possible) the same control procedure.

6. Make a preliminary conclusion about the state of internal control in this area.

Illustration. In most cases, these measures are cash inventories. Ask for inventory reports for the reporting year.

Unfortunately, in many cases these acts are filled out formally, without a real check of the state of the funds. The auditor can talk with the members of the inventory commission (with each one individually) asking them to describe how the inventory took place (at what time: in the morning and in the evening, what was counted first, what later, etc.).

A separate control procedure is a sudden inventory. It is necessary to study how it was organized, if it was carried out, whether it was possible to warn the cashier about it.

With a significant volume of cash nodes, an effective control procedure is the rotation of cashiers. In this case, the auditor can familiarize himself with the rotation plan and check according to time sheets and cash documents whether there was a real movement of cashiers. In this case, as a rule, small surpluses or shortages should be identified through inventory (probably everyone has come across a situation in the store with a “bring it later”, or “unfortunately, there are no small coins”). The absence during the entire reporting period of the fact of identifying shortages or surpluses during the inventory of cash desks requires additional study.

An element of the control environment is the presence in the organization of a formal prohibition for cashiers to carry their own money. The auditor can check the documentary existence of such a prohibition and the signature of the cashier on familiarization.

Another type of control procedures is the classic physical protection of funds, premises, as well as the employees of cash registers themselves. At a minimum, the auditor must make sure that there is a safe, iron doors and an alarm button in the cash register, as well as the validity of the contract with the relevant security services. The auditor can conduct a second surprise check procedure, ask the cashier to show the latest cash orders. The absence of numbering on them, signatures of the head, etc., indicate a typical, but far from the best, situation in the field of internal control. The auditor can also try to enter into the used computer database the details of an outgoing cash warrant with a number identical to the one already issued, by adjusting the numbering manually. If possible, he may conclude that the controls built into the computerized system are unreliable.

50. REVISION OF CASH. COMPLIANCE CONTROL

With regard to money, the legal review includes checking compliance with two main laws - on the use of cash registers (CCP) and on countering the legalization of illegally obtained income.

Verification of compliance with the law on CCP is the competence of the tax control authorities, the powers of other controllers are determined in accordance with the law. For example, the internal controller can verify compliance with this law, if required by regulation. The best verification method in this case is the "mystery shopper" method, known in the Soviet revision as the control purchase method, when, without advertising his status, the controller makes a purchase as an ordinary buyer, observing the entire process of fixing the funds received from him. A more difficult issue is to include in the implementation of this method an element of provocations such as "I'm in a hurry, I don't need a check", etc. But there is currently a discussion about the admissibility of using this method.

Compliance with the law on counteracting legalization is also in the sphere of state authorities. However, a number of organizations are required to establish a special system of internal control to comply with the provisions of this law. So, in paragraph 2 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On counteracting the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism" clearly defines the requirements for the content of internal control rules developed by organizations engaged in transactions with money or other property.

At the same time, the internal control rules of organizations (with the exception of credit organizations) are developed taking into account the Recommendations on the development of internal control rules by organizations that carry out transactions with money or other property in order to counteract the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism, approved order of the Government of the Russian Federation. The rules should contain the procedure for documenting the necessary information, ensuring the confidentiality of information, qualification requirements for the training and education of personnel, the procedure for suspending transactions with funds or other property in cases provided for in paragraph 10 of Art. 7 of the mentioned federal law, as well as the criteria for identifying and signs of unusual transactions, taking into account the specifics of the activities of the relevant organization.

In addition, when developing internal control rules by organizations engaged in transactions with funds or other property, it is advisable to use the Recommendations on Certain Provisions of Internal Control Rules developed by organizations engaged in transactions with funds or other property in order to counteract the legalization (laundering) of income, obtained by criminal means, and financing of terrorism, approved by the order of the Committee for Financial Monitoring of Russia.

51. REVISION OF CASH. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Checking cash transactions for the reporting period involves the study of the fact that:

1) all the transactions reflected in the accounting actually took place (premise "occurrence);

2) all transactions that actually took place are reflected in the accounting (premise of completeness);

3) amounts and other identification signs are correctly reflected (to whom, for what, when, etc.).

Checking data on cash balances at the end of the year. You should compare the amount in the cash book, in the cashier's report for the last working day of the reporting year and the accounting data. Errors are also rarely detected here. More interesting results are obtained by analyzing the number of cash receipts and expenditure orders issued on average per day with the indicators of the last ten days of December. However, the identified increase in volume may have two different explanations: the usual desire to complete all calculations by the end of the year (for example, to receive deposited wages) or “manipulation” to achieve the “necessary” indicators.

Checking transactions with non-cash funds. The most reliable verification method is to receive from the bank an original confirmation of the balance on the current account as of the reporting date indicating the turnover on the account for the reporting year. The data is verified with the accounting records, and the bank’s confirmation is filed with the audit materials.

It is necessary to request information about all banks in which the organization's accounts are opened. To the extent necessary and possible, verify these data with the data of the tax authority. Selectively, you can open two or three different contracts and check the details specified in the contracts with the information provided about the accounts. Very often, details are changed by letters, leaving unchanged data in the contracts. To do this, you need to look at the order of accounting for outgoing letters. The lack of clear archiving or the destruction of such letters after sending is a signal for a more detailed study of this aspect. For this, an accountant can be asked to display a list of debtors who paid their debts in the reporting year with non-monetary funds (offsets, deliveries, bills of exchange, etc.). Suspicion can be caused by medium and small debts, which are often repeated in debtor reporting data. In this case, the situation requires more detailed consideration.

Checking the correctness of the cash flow statement. Often this reporting form is not given due attention during control, although it is to a large extent a reflection of the real state of affairs in a given area. The simplest way of control is to check the movement of funds through investment activities (purchase or sale of fixed assets, securities, etc.). As a rule, an organization acquires at least one fixed asset during the year. You should ask your accountant to print out the cost of fixed assets acquired during the year and compare it with the cash flow statement for investing activities. Roughly similar figures confirm the accuracy of the reporting; the discrepancy may be explained by the fact that the purchased fixed assets have not yet been paid (or vice versa, paid but not yet received), or an error in the report.

52. REVISION OF CASH. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

Evaluation of effectiveness begins with studying the issue of the availability of budgets of funds, regulation of their development, approval and change.

The auditor may ask to provide documents confirming the analysis of budget execution, clarification of the reasons for non-performance, etc.

A separate issue is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the money circulation itself. We should not forget that, unfortunately, some legislative acts contain norms that impede the most efficient use of financial resources. This aspect should be taken into account when drawing conclusions. For example, the organization received money, but it will need it only after three weeks. They can lie on a current account, be placed on a deposit, invested in securities, etc. Evaluation of effectiveness, but also of risk, is different. It is clear that investments in securities could give a greater profit than deposits, or they could even “burn out”. In some cases, for example, when receiving targeted funds, their placement even on a deposit is not clearly regulated by law.

On the example of studying the circumstances of specific payments, the terms of payment are analyzed, the choice of their most effective form.

When paying a supplier, it examines whether it was an advance payment or a subsequent payment, and whether it was possible to pay later, whether the payment is budgeted, how it was posted on the report, whether there were deviations from the budget, etc.

Often organizations receive significant amounts, hand them over to the bank, pay for collection, cash recounting, and the next day they take about the same amount for the issuance of wages, again pay for collection, as well as for the issuance of cash. When such facts are identified, the auditor should consider whether it is possible, without violating legal requirements, to reduce the cost of depositing and receiving money, for example, to coordinate the schedules of receipt of funds from buyers with the days of payment of wages or to obtain bank permission to issue wages from proceeds, etc.

In some cases, organizations pay their bank a high percentage for depositing and receiving cash, while other banks offer more preferential conditions, up to free crediting of cash to a current account. The auditor should check whether the operating conditions of the bank with cash were analyzed, what arguments were decisive when choosing a servicing bank.

The issuance of significant amounts of money under the report to employees for a long period of time (including with periodic registration of the return of accountable amounts) can be considered as operations of interest-free lending to an individual.

The studied charts and the results of their analysis are also attached to the audit materials.

53. REVISION OF CASH. SPECIAL CONTROL MEASURES

The risk that not all cash received is reflected in accounting. In this case, the funds received do not go to the organization’s cash desk. At the same time, the cash receipt documents themselves are either not processed at all, or are processed but then destroyed.

These cases are revealed by carrying out the "mystery visitor" procedure: the auditor makes a purchase, and then checks the reflection of the money paid by him in the accounting documents of the seller organization.

Violation can be detected by observing the work of the cashier. Suspicion can be caused by the recording of all payments not immediately in the cash book, but in a separate sheet, notebook, the lack of numbering of issued documents, an obvious gap in the numbering of receipts of cash receipts issued during the day and orders for the previous day, the presence of unformed sheets of the cash book for the last working the day preceding the audit, the presence of double numbering of cash documents, numbering using fractions and letters, for example, an extract from cash receipts No. 343/2 and No. 344/a.

The inventory of the cash desk in this case, as a rule, is not effective, since the cashier presents all the actually issued documents, and neither surpluses nor shortages are detected in the cash desk. Analytically, an unusually high turnover on the day of the audit can be detected. For example, the usual daily revenue is 100 thousand rubles, on the day of the audit, according to the results of the inventory of the cash desk, the revenue amounted to 300 thousand rubles. But employees, as a rule, have a ready-made answer “advertising passed”, “found good distributors”, “we don’t know why everyone suddenly decided to buy today”, etc. The cashier can confirm the presence of “double bookkeeping”, however, the probability of there is little written confirmation of this fact.

The risk that not all cash payments are recorded. The transfer of cash to the sphere of unofficial circulation can be done in various ways:

▪ registration of cash payments for unfulfilled work;

▪ processing cash payments to “dummy” persons;

▪ processing cash payments under fictitious supply contracts.

Risk of cash theft. Theft is possible in various ways:

▪ by forging signatures on cash receipts;

▪ by double counting of documents;

▪ by deliberate arithmetic error;

▪ by not recording documented cash received in the organization's cash desk;

▪ by replacing banknotes with counterfeit ones.

54. REVISION OF CASH. DOCUMENTATION OF A CASH REVISION

The audit of the cash desk is carried out with a full sheet-by-sheet recalculation of cash and a check of other valuables in the cash desk.

When calculating the actual presence of banknotes and other valuables at the cash desk, cash, securities and monetary documents (postage stamps, state duty stamps, promissory notes, vouchers to rest homes and sanatoriums, air tickets, etc.) are taken into account.

Verification of the actual availability of forms of securities and other forms of documents of strict accountability is carried out by types of forms (for example, for shares: registered and bearer, preferred and ordinary) taking into account the initial and ending numbers of certain forms, as well as for each place of storage and material responsible persons.

The balance of cash on hand is checked against the accounting data in the cash book. If the audit detects a shortage or excess of valuables at the cash desk, their amount and circumstances of occurrence are indicated in the act.

The following information may also be included in the audit report:

▪ violation of the rules for conducting cash transactions;

▪ correct execution of cash documents and maintenance of the cash book;

▪ compliance with the maximum amount of cash payments;

▪ special comments from members of the commission, if any.

An inventory of funds in transit is carried out by reconciling the amounts on the accounting accounts with the receipts of the bank institution, post office, copies of the accompanying statements for the delivery of proceeds to bank collectors, etc.

In the conditions of automated maintenance of the cash book, the correct operation of the software for processing cash documents should also be checked.

55. REVIEW OF FIXED ASSETS

In most organizations, fixed assets make up a fairly significant part of the assets, and in many cases they are exactly the asset, the use of which is the main source of income for the organization and without the existence of which further profit on the same scale is impossible.

A good example is the transport company. The presence of vehicles is the main condition for the existence of the business itself. Of course, you can rent cars and retake them, but this is a completely different kind of activity. Therefore, fixed assets, especially those that are the basis of the organization's activities, are subject to verification.

There are two main types of misstatements in property, plant and equipment accounting:

▪ the value in the reporting is overestimated compared to the real one (an error in accounting or fixed assets lost - destroyed, stolen, etc.);

▪ the value in the reporting is underestimated compared to the real one (an accounting error or there are unaccounted fixed assets).

The presence of unrecorded objects is also detected by the inventory method. However, the inventory in this case is hampered by the lack of information about the object to be found, which reduces the effectiveness of this method, especially if the object is geographically remote from the organization.

When identifying objects that are not accepted for accounting, as well as objects for which there are no data in the accounting registers or incorrect data characterizing them are indicated, the commission must include in the inventory the correct information and technical indicators for these objects. For example, for buildings - indicate their purpose, the main materials from which they are built, volume (by external or internal measurement), area (total usable area), number of floors (without basements, semi-basements, etc.), year of construction and others; along channels - length, depth and width (along the bottom and surface), artificial structures, materials for fastening the bottom and slopes; on bridges - location, type of materials and main dimensions; on roads - type of road (highway, profiled), length, pavement materials, roadway width, etc.

Evaluation of unrecorded objects identified by the inventory is carried out by experts.

If the commission establishes that capital works (building up floors, adding new premises, etc.) or partial liquidation of buildings and structures (demolition of individual structural elements) are not reflected in the accounting records, it is necessary to determine the amount of increase or decrease in the book value of the object using the relevant documents and provide information about the changes made in the inventory. Experts are involved for these purposes.

56. REVISION OF FIXED ASSETS. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

1. Discuss with representatives of the audited organization how they assess the risks of misrepresentation of data on the value of fixed assets in official reporting: is it possible that the assets reflected in the accounting do not exist physically, how the inventory of structures, equipment and inventory was organized in geographically remote areas, can there be unaccounted for assets? fixed assets.

2. Discuss with representatives of the organization being inspected how they assess the organization’s provision of fixed assets, whether there are standards for provision (equipment), a capital investment budget, control over its implementation and analysis of execution.

3. Discuss with representatives of the organization being inspected what measures are taken to preserve the property, and whether an inventory number is assigned upon acquisition.

4. Study the contents of the organization’s documents regulating the procedure for the acquisition and acceptance of fixed assets, their write-off from the balance sheet and inventory.

5. Using the example of several acquired and disposed fixed assets, check compliance with the established regulations.

6. Repeat (if possible) the inventory procedure.

7. Make a preliminary conclusion about the state of internal control in this area.

Illustration. In the vast majority of cases, management representatives assure that the credentials are completely reliable. The problems discussed boil down mainly to the difficulty of registering rights to real estate. Nevertheless, such a discussion is necessary in order to be able to compare the real state of affairs with the assurances of management.

In most cases, the main measure for the safety of fixed assets is an inventory, which should be carried out at least once every three years. Ask for the latest inventory records, as well as draft records (as a rule, inventory records are not filled out immediately, but according to the data made in the places of inventory records). The legislation does not provide for the storage of draft inventories, therefore, failure to provide such draft inventories is not evidence of any violations. In the case of their provision, the degree of confidence in the internal control system is higher.

A good example is the inventory lists of real estate, equipment and vehicles.

57. REVISION OF FIXED ASSETS. COMPLIANCE CONTROL

Cases of illegal disposal of fixed assets include:

1) transfer of a fixed asset by a state organization / institution without the consent of the owner (superior organization);

2) sale of a fixed asset to a commercial organization without going through the approval procedure for a major transaction;

3) use of the organization's fixed assets in the personal interests of an official.

The Civil Code provides that property of state and municipal unitary enterprises belongs to them on the right of economic management or operational management.

Features of transactions with property owned by the right of economic management of unitary enterprises are inextricably linked with the study of the issue of determining the owner of the property on the basis of which the enterprise is created, as well as the body authorized to act on behalf of the owner. The current legislation singles out three public owners: the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation, municipalities.

A major transaction is considered to be a transaction (including a loan, credit, pledge, guarantee) or several interconnected transactions related to the acquisition, alienation or the possibility of alienation by the company directly or indirectly of property, the value of which is 25% or more of the book value of the company's assets, determined according to its data. financial statements as of the last reporting date, except for transactions:

1) committed in the course of the ordinary business activities of the company;

2) related to the placement by subscription (realization) of ordinary shares of the company, issue-grade securities convertible into ordinary shares of the company. In the event of alienation or the possibility of alienation of property, the value of such property, determined according to accounting data, is compared with the book value of the company's assets, and in the case of acquisition of property, the price of its acquisition.

A major transaction must be approved by the board of directors (supervisory board) of the company or the general meeting of shareholders.

The decision to approve a major transaction, the subject of which is property worth from 25 to 50% of the book value of the company's assets, is taken by all members of the board of directors (supervisory board) of the company unanimously.

If the unanimity of the board of directors (supervisory board) of the company on the issue of approval of a major transaction is not reached, by decision of the board of directors, the issue of approving a major transaction may be submitted for decision by the general meeting of shareholders.

In this case, the decision to approve a major transaction is made by the general meeting of shareholders by a majority vote of shareholders - owners of voting shares participating in the general meeting of shareholders.

The decision to approve a major transaction, the subject of which is property worth more than 50% of the book value of the company's assets, is taken by the general meeting of shareholders by a majority of ³/₄votes of shareholders - owners of voting shares participating in the general meeting of shareholders.

58. REVISION OF FIXED ASSETS. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Checking operations with fixed assets consists of several parts:

1. Checking transactions of receipt of fixed assets. It is advisable to conduct a check in several directions. Ask your accountant to print a list of the five to ten highest value fixed asset receipts. If their value falls within the definition of a major transaction, check that the approval procedure is followed. Ask to see documents describing the procedure for completing the transaction: how the idea of purchasing came about, who was looking for a suitable object, what proposals were made, who made the final decision. See if the purchase price is suspicious (very high or very low), although in most cases this is difficult to assess. Check whether the right to the land plot under this object has been registered.

2. Checking transactions written off from the balance sheet of fixed assets. Ask to see a list of the five to ten most expensive fixed assets disposed of during the period. Select one or two objects and check the procedure for making decisions on disposal: reasons for disposal, who prepared the decision, who made the final decision, if sold, how the sale price was determined, if written off, then whether possible spare parts for use were taken into account, where this is documented etc.

3. Checking data on the value of fixed assets at the end of the year. A formal check of the consistency of accounting data and reporting data, as a rule, does not produce discrepancies. The best method is to conduct a repeat sample inventory. It should also be noted that there are practically no cases of physical absence of recorded fixed assets (shortage of fixed assets). The following situations are possible:

▪ the fixed asset is actually sold, but is recorded as owned. In this case, the best verification method is to request information from the state registration authorities about the legal owner of the property as of the reporting date;

▪ the fixed asset is replaced with a less expensive one. This is true in relation to computer equipment or furniture, but in most cases it is impossible to assess identity without the involvement of an expert.

Cases of the actual presence of unaccounted property are more common. The best control method is the following. The auditor, as a rule, is presented with a room with furniture and equipment; check the availability of the inventory number on this equipment and ask the accountant to print out a list of fixed assets listed behind this room. If the accounting program does not allow this, ask how they themselves conducted an inventory of these fixed assets, according to which system.

The second object of interest to you is the manager's office. Ask for an opportunity to inspect it. This is possible, since the manager often travels for negotiations, meetings, etc. Refusal can be regarded as opposition to verification. In advance, take in the accounting department a list of fixed assets that are listed behind the head's office.

59. REVISION OF FIXED ASSETS. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

The main groups of fixed assets, the effectiveness of which is assessed in the first place: equipment; - vehicles; - premises.

A lot of work must be done (as already indicated, this is, in general, the task of the organization itself) to assess the current load of production equipment. The question should be resolved whether the received percentage of power can be increased and how, what has not been done by management for more efficient use. Sometimes the equipment works, as they say, "for wear and tear", with a load of 100-150% - this should also receive an appropriate assessment in the audit report.

The analysis of the effectiveness of the use of vehicles is primarily related to the issues of whether the organization has work to optimize routes. Sometimes a car carries a load to one street and returns empty, and another empty car goes to a neighboring street to pick up the load there. This situation arises from a lack of coordination. The best method of verification is a survey of drivers - in particular, in the form of a collection of proposals for improving the organization of traffic.

The premises are also not always used effectively, although not everything is clear here. For example, in many organizations assembly halls are, of course, not used all the time. Is it possible to rent them out by the hour, at least to educational organizations for seminars? This is due to the problems of allowing a large number of people to enter the territory, which is not always possible.

The auditor can draw up schedules for occupancy of leased areas, compare rental rates for tenants with rental rates of other landlords.

Other cases of inefficient use:

1) fixed asset (in particular, expensive mobile equipment is at the personal disposal of the head or his relatives). The best method of verification is a sudden inventory with a request to present such equipment to the auditor;

2) the fixed asset was transferred to affiliated structures. The verification method is the analysis of various indicators - for example, the number of staff of the organization is superimposed on the floor plan.

Inefficient use of fixed assets can also include:

1) lack of a procurement plan or budgets for the organization as a whole. In some cases, one division sells and another buys the same fixed asset due to the lack of a single center for collecting applications for the purchase and sale of fixed assets;

2) non-use of the system of discounts for purchases. Often, various services, departments of the organization acquire computer equipment as needed, separately. Making a purchase at a time makes it possible to take advantage of the discounts provided by sellers when selling large lots;

3) "spontaneous" purchases of fixed assets. Offers of various suppliers, various forms of acquisition (on credit, leasing, etc.) are not analyzed. The auditor should request the materials that were reviewed by the Procurement department staff at the last major purchase of the fixed asset.

60. REVISION OF INVENTORIES. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

1. Discuss with representatives of the audited organization how they assess the risks associated with inventory accounting: whether stock standards have been established;

▪ is there a procurement budget;

▪ is there a document establishing the procedure for collecting information about stale reserves, and the procedure for making decisions regarding such reserves;

▪ whether and how procurement prices are controlled, which prevents managers from receiving unofficial “bonuses” from suppliers; - how confident is management that the conditions for storing inventories ensure the preservation of their quality and that all deterioration that has occurred for various reasons has been assessed and reflected in the financial statements;

▪ how confident is management that there are no unaccounted-for inventories in the warehouses, including spare parts from written-off fixed assets, officially written-off but not yet destroyed inventories, etc.

2. Ask to provide documents confirming the implementation of control measures to reduce the above risks, for example, the results of an analysis of the presence of unclaimed inventory and the reasons for unclaimed inventory. Try to establish how the identification of such stocks is regulated, whether the real reasons for overstocking are being clarified, and what measures are being taken.

3. Ask to provide documents confirming management’s analysis of the main trends in the movement of materials: an increase or decrease in inventories, the degree of supply with inventories, the dynamics of claims regarding the quality of raw materials and/or products made from them, the cost of written-off inventories, etc.

4. Repeat (if possible) one or two control procedures, for example in relation to identifying stale stocks.

5. Make a preliminary conclusion about the state of internal control in this area.

Illustration. It is better to organize the procedure for re-checking internal control over inventory status as follows.

Ask to bring the internal regulations for the identification of unclaimed (stale) reserves. Interview separately at least three persons from those who, according to the regulations, should deal with this issue (and in the absence of regulations, warehouse managers):

1) whether there are stocks in their warehouse that have not been moving during the last month;

2) is there any module in the software that allows you to display a list of stocks that are not moving during any period (day, month, quarter, year);

3) whether such reserves can be considered stale.

In many cases, the auditor will be convinced that he has "digged" an immense problem related to the interpretation of insurance, seasonal, normal stocks, the psychology of the business executive of the "Soviet economy", etc. The task is to determine at what stage the organization is in solving this problem.

Based on the answers of the respondents, select two or three types of stocks that are not moving for a long time (for example, two types of raw materials and one type of finished product). Check with the respondents for their version of the reason for the lack of demand.

61. REVIEW OF INVENTORIES. CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE LEGISLATION. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Legal Compliance Check in this area may concern the following issues: the correct application of VAT offset on purchased inventory items;

▪ actions of officials when organizing procurement in the interests of the organization, and not in their own;

▪ compliance by budgetary organizations with legislation on procurement for public needs.

Checking that all recorded inventory transactions actually took place is aimed at identifying fictitious inventory transactions. In large and medium-sized enterprises, such situations are extremely rare. A more particular case is "incomplete information" about inventory transactions. The criteria for a fictitious transaction are not clearly defined, and each time the final decision is made by the court. To check, you need to look at the list of materials and suppliers for at least some month (which also takes a lot of time), and select two or three atypical deliveries - as a rule, this is an average supply from a not too well-known supplier. Signs (but not evidence!) of the fictitious nature of the consignment note are: the execution of a "simple", and not a bill of lading;

▪ the invoice is in perfect condition, there are no signs of bending or scuffs along its edges (in principle, the forwarder should have carried it with him in the car, but sometimes invoices are carried in paper folders, which really eliminates leaving any traces on the documents);

▪ lack of invoice number, or inaccurate number (with index, fraction, etc.);

▪ lack of car number and driver’s name;

▪ lack of delivery address;

▪ unclear description of the cargo;

▪ lack of data on cargo tonnage;

▪ lack of indication of time for unloading;

▪ visual similarity of the signatures on the invoice “authorized”, “released”, “accepted”, or they were made with a pen of the same color, etc.

We find out whose car was - an organization, a supplier or a third party. Please bring the accounting card for this material from the warehouse, check the card data (date, quantity, cost) with the invoice data. Checking that all transactions that actually took place are recorded is aimed at identifying unrecorded stocks.

In the presence of "shadow turnover", the organization has stocks that are not reflected in the official accounting. Identification of such stocks is also possible by the inventory method. If the identification of cases of theft of stocks is carried out by reconciling accounting data with the actual availability of stocks, then in this case it is the other way around: the actual availability is verified with accounting data.

For verification, the auditor must select any warehouse, including open, two or three objects for verification. It is not recommended to select objects whose characteristics cannot be determined in a short time for various reasons, for example, crushed stone deposits covered with snow, an embankment of small metal products, etc.

Checking that inventories are recorded at a valuation that does not exceed their market value rarely reveals errors, since high inflation quickly "eats" possible deterioration in inventories as a result of storage.

62. REVISION OF INVENTORIES. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

Evaluation of the effectiveness of work with stocks in the organization, at least, is associated with the study of two main problems: overstocking of warehouses and overpricing of purchases.

Overstocking of warehouses. The auditor must check the organization of inventory management in the audited organization. Typical violations are:

▪ lack of a procurement plan or budget;

▪ lack of standards for raw material reserves, including insurance and seasonal reserves;

▪ lack of analysis of procurement efficiency (for example, which option is more profitable:

1) buy a large batch of raw materials cheaper, and then store the surplus raw materials or look for a buyer for them, or 2) buy immediately the right amount of raw materials, but more expensive);

▪ lack of a budget for warehouse costs;

▪ the presence of stale, unnecessary stocks, etc. These violations lead to irrational expenses, diversion of money from circulation, and a decrease in the financial stability of the organization.

Acquisition overpricing raw materials and materials is possible for various reasons:

▪ negligence of logistics service workers who do not take measures to analyze prices on the market and select suppliers;

▪ personal interest of individual employees in purchasing material from a specific supplier (family ties, receiving material rewards, etc.);

▪ appropriate instructions to the parent organization to transfer part of the profit to the company that supplies the raw materials.

Such facts can be revealed only by conducting a comparative analysis of the prices for the purchase of raw materials and offers on the market.

Evaluating the effectiveness of organizing payments to suppliers. In many organizations, procurement departments have a habit of working with the same supplier for many years. Of course, there are many positive aspects to this. However, many young companies are entering the market, ready to offer lower prices with the same quality of raw materials. The auditor needs to check whether the supply service is looking for and analyzing such proposals.

In many cases, during the conclusion of contracts, no attempts are made to reduce prices, to demand a discount for a large batch.

Another typical situation is the absence of installments for the supplied raw materials, the payment of a 100% advance payment.

Often there is no plan or budget for settlements with suppliers, as a result, payments are made spontaneously, the organization incurs losses by paying a penalty, penalties for late payment.

63. REVISION OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

1. Find out what the policy of the management of the organization being audited is regarding financial investments: the method of preserving free funds from inflation, the type of activity, the mechanism for controlling subsidiaries, etc.

2. Find out from representatives of the organization being audited, whose job responsibilities include analyzing the profitability of financial investments (forecast and current), who makes decisions on such investments.

3. Ask the accounting department to provide a list of financial investments as of the reporting date or (if the number of securities is large enough) a list by group or type. Ask to provide a calculation of the effectiveness of investments made by the employees of the organization being audited and analyze their proposals.

4. Ask to provide the audited organization with confirmation of ownership of securities from registrars and/or depositories, reconciliation reports with borrowers, an inventory list of bills and other documents indicating that the organization itself has collected such documents confirming its legal rights to investments as of the reporting date.

5. Make a preliminary conclusion about the state of internal control in this area.

Illustration. From a mathematical point of view, financial investments are effective if their yield exceeds the yield on low-risk deposits, for example, deposits of Sberbank of the Russian Federation or government bonds. From an economic point of view, profitability is possible in the long term when an invested 1 rub. will give a profit only after three years, but in 1000 rubles. There are also benefits that are not accounted for in accounting. For example, by purchasing part of the shares of a transport company, the organization does not receive a single ruble of dividends, but can control tariffs for the transportation of its products, leaving all profits in the manufacturing organization. These circumstances undoubtedly complicate the auditor's assessment of the effectiveness of investments.

Take a list of financial investments during the year and a list of investments that exist at the reporting date. Select three or four essentially different investments. It is not recommended to take for analysis operations on the shares of "blue chips" of the companies "Gazprom", "Lukoil", etc., on the profitability of which the organization can hardly influence. It is better to take one loan granted to some other organization, one promissory note of a share (or shares) of an unknown issuer.

Ask for documents confirming the analysis of the effectiveness of your chosen investments. Ask the accountant to print out the movement and income for the transactions you have selected, or (if the accounting program used does not allow this) to print a complete report and mark the transactions for the investments you have selected with a felt-tip pen.

Conduct a profitability analysis (make a recalculation).

64. REVISION OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS. CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE LEGISLATION. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Compliance in this area may consist in checking:

1) antimonopoly legislation when making transactions with shares;

2) joint-stock legislation when making transactions with shares;

3) legislation on the securities market when performing operations with shares;

4) correctness of taxation of transactions with financial investments, etc.

Verification that all transactions reflected in the accounting actually took place. Some investments may formally meet the criteria for recognition in accounting, but essentially their value is zero, i.e., as a result of their acquisition, the organization actually suffered losses.

Such "fictitious" financial investments include:

1) acquisition by an organization of debt securities unsecured by collateral; if the issuing organization does not have any assets at the expense of which it is possible to cover the amount of the debt;

2) acquisition of shares of unprofitable companies, companies with a negative value of net assets that have a negative dynamics of changes in financial condition.

Another way of fictitious attachments is to provide fake documents.

Verifying that all transactions that actually took place are recorded. In the early 90s. XX century acquisitions of shares and interests in other organizations were often written off against the net profit of the acquiring organization, and sometimes were taken into account as its operating expenses. This was explained primarily by the novelty of this operation for accountants and the lack of a clear regulatory framework for accounting for such investments. As a result, the balance sheet does not contain information about the shares and shares actually owned by the organization, as well as contributions to jointly established enterprises.

Identifying such investments is extremely difficult. It is effective to view the preserved business correspondence of that period, decisions of the board of directors, contracts, conversations with employees who held responsible positions in those periods. An analysis of the dividends received over the past three to four years can help.

Checking that the value of financial investments is reflected correctly in the balance sheet. Accounting rules require publicly traded stocks and bonds to be reported at market value. The auditor can request from the organization data on quotes of existing financial investments and selectively check the correctness of their reflection in accounting.

Impairment of financial investments is recognized as a steady significant decline in the value of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments in the normal course of its activities. In this case, based on the calculation of the organization, the estimated value of financial investments is determined, which is equal to the difference between their value at which they are reflected in accounting (book value) and the amount of such a decrease.

65. REVISION OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

The auditor must evaluate the effectiveness of financial investments. The amount of investments can be real (not "fictitious"), but at the same time unprofitable. For example, the issuance of an interest-free loan to another organization can be secured by highly liquid securities belonging to it, i.e., the investment is real, but inefficient.

When evaluating the effectiveness, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the presence of financial risk. For example, an organization purchases shares in a successful company expecting to receive dividends, but suddenly the issuing company goes bankrupt for which there was no apparent reason. Such cases should be distinguished from the obvious inaction of the management of the audited organization, which is not striving to increase the return on investment. For example, the issuance of an interest-free loan, which obviously entails lost profits, since the same amount could be placed on a bank deposit; investments in subsidiaries that have not been profitable for a number of years, and these companies are not even required to provide financial statements, explanations of the causes of losses, etc.

The auditor can calculate the average profitability of financial investments made and evaluate their effectiveness.

Financial investments in other organizations (in the form of the purchase of shares, shares, shares, etc.) for the purposes of assessing the effectiveness of financial investments are as follows:

▪ investments for the purpose of establishing control (for example, 100% ownership of a subsidiary). In this case, as a rule, profitability is manifested not in the form of distributed dividends, but through the receipt of excess profits from the purchase/sale of resources;

▪ investments in order to preserve the purchasing power of temporarily free funds (for example, the purchase of highly liquid shares);

▪ investments for the purpose of receiving dividends.

In the latter case, the return on invested funds is calculated as the ratio of dividends received to the amount of investments, and the resulting indicator is compared with the return on the main activity. If the profitability of the main activity is higher and the sales market is not limited, we can talk about the inefficiency of investments.

Such an analysis requires additional information on the types of financial investments, which in some cases are provided in the notes to the financial statements.

In addition, if there is information about the types of investments, it is possible to analyze the forecast of dividend receipts in the future, depending on the dynamics of the development of the enterprise in which the investments were made.

66. REVISION OF INCOME. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM. COMPLIANCE CONTROL

1. Ask representatives of the audited organization to provide a comparative analysis of the company’s market position and its main competitors; Pay attention to how management assesses the current situation, what actions are planned, and in which document they are reflected.

2. Ask representatives of the organization being audited to provide their analysis of the dynamics of sales volume for the main types of products (works, services) over the past three years, in natural units and in rubles.

3. Ask the management of the organization being audited to talk about the sales strategy in the reporting period: was it planned to increase profits, were they deliberately taking losses in order to gain market share, did they stop selling any products due to business restructuring, etc.

4. Ask representatives of the organization being audited to provide business plans, monthly sales plans, an analysis of their implementation, the results of a discussion of the implementation of the sales plan with management, and a record of the decisions made.

5. Discuss with representatives of the audited organization how they assess the risks of managers entering into transactions “in their own interests,” for example, by understating the cost of products sold for “unofficial remuneration”; what measures developed in the organization prevent this.

6. Make a preliminary conclusion about the state of control in this area.

Legal Compliance Check in this area may consist in assessing:

▪ compliance with antimonopoly legislation;

▪ compliance with industry legislation, for example, the sale of products at tariffs established by the state;

▪ checking the correctness of the VAT tax rate, income taxation, etc.

A separate type of inspection is a "technological audit", that is, the compliance of production technology with GOST, TU or quality standards.

67. REVISION OF INCOME. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Verifying that all reported income actually occurred. Intentional overestimation of revenue volumes can be carried out under pressure from senior management personnel seeking to embellish the results of their activities in order to move up the career ladder or receive bonuses or bonuses depending on the financial results of the managed organization.

Verifying that all transactions that actually took place are recorded. Signs of underestimation of activity volumes (presence of “shadow” turnover) may be:

1) the lack of a clear numbering of bills, invoices, concluded supply or sale contracts;

2) discrepancy, according to the auditor, the scope of the organization's activities;

3) the work of several companies under a single trademark, if the seals affixed to the documents do not indicate the legal details of a particular legal entity.

Intentional understatement of revenue can be made in order to reduce the investment attractiveness of the organization, for the subsequent purchase of its shares at reduced prices. In addition, underselling sales prices when selling to affiliates is possible in order to obtain tax savings.

Understatement of revenue for the purpose of tax savings is organized to formally comply with the conditions for the application of certain preferential tax regimes. For these purposes, a whole group of controlled companies is organized, among which the actually performed volume is dispersed.

Understatement of sale prices when selling to affiliates is possible in order to receive large dividends.

Revealing hidden rental income. As a rule, there is a concealment of income from the rental of real estate (mostly non-residential buildings and premises) and vehicles.

Hidden facts of renting out real estate can be revealed by a sudden inventory with an inspection of all premises. During a scheduled inspection, these facts cannot be revealed, since the signs of the tenant companies are prudently removed, and the employees of the lessor organizations are instructed how to answer the questions of the inspectors, introduce themselves as employees of such and such a department, although with due care the auditor may ask for a passport, check the list personnel, examine documents, etc. Revealing hidden facts of leasing is possible by the method of "anonymous verification": the auditor, under the guise of an ordinary visitor, comes to the organization being checked on any issue, inspects the premises, pretending to be looking for someone.

Identification of cases of untimely reflection of revenue for tax planning purposes.

Revenue is often used as a regulator of the tax burden. Premature recognition or deferment of recognition of revenue for tax purposes allows you to manipulate the amount of taxes.

A direct violation of the timeliness of revenue recognition is identified by comparing the date of shipment, the signing of an act or the occurrence of another event that entails the recognition of revenue and the date of its recognition in tax accounting. However, more often there are cases of distortion of the very date of signing the act or the date of the invoice.

68. REVISION OF INCOME. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

The effectiveness of the marketing policy affects the assessment of the financial stability of the audited organization.

An example of an inefficient marketing policy can be an irrational system of declared discounts, the implementation of which will lead to losses or a serious decrease in profits.

The auditor must evaluate the current system of discounts, analyze its effectiveness. At the same time, special attention should be paid to cases of granting the maximum amount of the discount: to whom such discounts are granted, whether they correspond to the position or price list, whether there is a personal interest of the person providing the discount in the client or his business.

The decrease in revenue may not be the result of deliberate actions, but rather the inaction of management personnel. The decrease in revenue in this case is explained by the active actions of competitors, including dumping price reductions, loss of customer interest in the product, etc.

The auditor must analyze the actions of the management of the audited enterprise for business development, establish the existence of a business plan and a system for monitoring the achievement of planned results.

69. AUDIT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM. COMPLIANCE CONTROL

1. Find out from the management of the organization being audited what its policy is regarding customer debt: a stable situation with customer debt; debt buildup as large deferments are offered to capture the market; the desire to reduce debt, since at the time of the company’s development control over its timely repayment was lost; the ratio of receivables and payables is analyzed; is there a need to obtain loans from the bank in the period before the buyers repay the debt, etc.

2. Discuss with representatives of the audited organization:

▪ do they know what percentage of debtors confirmed their debt as of the reporting date and how many debtors were not reconciled as of the reporting date;

▪ how they assess the risks of the presence in the financial statements of debts of insolvent debtors for which a reserve for doubtful debts has not been created, or how confident they are in the correct assessment of the amount of such a reserve.

3. Ask to provide documents establishing the obligation of any official to study the solvency of the debtor and make a decision on creating the amount of the reserve. This is unlikely to be an ordinary accountant who can prepare the accounting data to justify such a decision, but not make it.

4. Ask to provide documents confirming the study of the solvency of two or three debtors, on the basis of which the decision was made to create a reserve for doubtful debts or the lack of need for it.

5. Find out if your accounting software allows you to enter the expected maturity of the debt and create a report on overdue debts. Determine whether such reports are generated by accounting or another department, who analyzes these reports and makes decisions. Ask for such a report to be made for you as of the date of inspection.

6. Form a preliminary opinion about the state of internal control in this area.

Legal Compliance Check in this area may include:

▪ checking compliance with civil law, including the correct determination of the limitation period for receivables;

▪ correct classification of the situation when notifying the bailiff about the impossibility of foreclosure on the debtor’s property;

▪ correctness of taxation of transactions under agreements for the assignment of receivables, formation of tax expenses when creating a reserve for doubtful debts, etc.

70. AUDIT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE CONTROL OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Checking receivables is to study that:

▪ all recorded debts of debtors actually exist (prerequisite for existence);

▪ all debts of debtors that actually exist are reflected in accounting (prerequisite for completeness).

Checking that all debtors’ debts reflected in the accounting actually exist. The auditor must request from the accountant a list of debts as of the reporting date. At large and medium-sized enterprises, this list can take 100-200 pages. In this case, you should ask to prepare three lists:

▪ a list of groups as they are maintained in accounting (for example, 1) advances paid to suppliers, 2) debts of buyers of products, 3) debts of financially responsible persons for shortages, etc.), indicating the total amount of debt for each group;

▪ a list of the ten largest amounts of debt as of the reporting date;

▪ a list of the five largest amounts of debt out of all debts that have been “hanging” since the beginning of the year and have not been repaid during the year.

From each list, select at least one debt. Ask to provide you with acts of reconciliation with these debtors. Examine the reconciliation act, acts sent by fax can be taken into account, but their reliability is low.

For a debt from the third list (“long-term debts”), find out the reason for non-payment, study the terms of the contract, ask if a reserve for possible losses was created for this debt due to non-payment of the debt, how the decision was made to sell products under such conditions, whether claim work, ask for documents.

Checking that all debts of debtors that actually exist are reflected in the accounts, is closely related to income test results. If the audit does not reveal unaccounted income, then most likely there are no unaccounted receivables.

A separate rare case is the lack of monitoring of receivables written off earlier unrealistic to call. According to accounting rules, after writing off the debt, it is necessary to monitor the solvency of the debtor for five years, and if its financial condition improves, the debt must be restored to the balance sheet. In practice, recovery of solvency is extremely rare, and write-offs of receivables are usually insignificant.

71. AUDIT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

Accounts receivable is an investment of the organization's funds in the economy of the debtor organization. The investment must be justified. Sometimes, in order to finance the debtor, the organization itself is credited at the bank. On the other hand, if all market participants sell with a deferred payment, then the organization cannot sell on the basis of 100% prepayment, as it will lose its competitive advantage.

Analysis of the effectiveness of work with receivables can be built in the following areas:

1) ask for an analysis made by the organization's employees of the terms of deferral of payment for products provided by major competitors and the terms of deferral of payment for the organization's customers;

2) study what measures the organization is taking to encourage early payment by customers;

3) examine whether the organization has a plan for repayment of receivables and how its implementation is controlled;

4) analyze the ratio of receivables and payables of the organization; whether funds from bank loans were used to finance receivables from buyers.

Audit methodology (commercial lending):

1. Analyze organizational and regulatory documents governing the provision of commercial loans to customers (buyers).

2. Establish the level of actual implementation of the prescribed regulations, namely:

▪ availability of appropriate sanctions (visas) on documents;

▪ availability of materials indicating an analysis of the financial condition (solvency) and business integrity of customers;

▪ compliance of the amounts and terms of loans provided with established risk groups of customers or creditworthiness standards, etc. Audit methodology (collection policy):

1. Find out the procedures used for working with debtors.

2. Analyze organizational and regulatory documents regulating the procedure for repaying receivables from customers.

Monitor the implementation of the approved procedures by the relevant employees (head of the financial department, head of the settlement bureau of the financial department, head of the contract and legal bureau of the sales department, etc.)."

72. REVISION OF COSTS

Expenditure audit is one of the most time-consuming areas of verification for two reasons: the composition of expenses is very diverse; the largest share of violations occurs in the process of cost accounting.

The last aspect is associated primarily with the "failure of accounting" in the production process. The cost accounting account is a kind of "boiler" into which various expenses are written off, distributed over several types of finished products, the initial components of which cannot be estimated. Therefore, the verification of expenses is carried out more closely than the verification of other sections of accounting, where the transparency of the process itself is higher, for example, for comparison:

1) purchase cycle: conclusion of a contract, supply of raw materials, posting it to the warehouse and accounting, recalculation during inventory, release to production;

2) production cycle: processing, work in progress;

3) sales cycle: release of finished products, their shipment, reflection of sales, accounting for receivables, receipt of money to the current account.

The organization of the audit of expenses involves, as a rule, several stages: Stage 1: study of cost centers, for example: Account “Main production”, subaccount 1 “Production of Christmas tree decorations”; - Account “Main production”, subaccount 2 “Production of artificial Christmas trees”;

▪ Account “Main production”, subaccount 3 “Production of Christmas tree garlands”;

▪ Account “Auxiliary production”, subaccount 1 “Production of light bulbs for garlands”;

▪ Account “Auxiliary production”, subaccount 2 “Dye production workshop”;

Stage 2: finding out how the production system functions, for which, as a rule, a production structure diagram is constructed. In most cases, this diagram is very approximate, inaccurate and sometimes erroneous, and it is better if the organization itself provides it to the auditor.

Stage 3: clarifying the procedure for forming the cost of finished products and work in progress. Unfortunately, in many cases this issue is extremely difficult to audit, and the problem here is not only poor accounting and control at the enterprise itself, but also the quality of the current accounting rules.

When checking work in progress, errors are also often detected. For example, when checking a car depot according to accounting data, there is no work in progress, i.e., all costs in the year are reflected as attributable to completed operations, invoices for which are issued to customers. On closer examination, it turns out that four trucks were on the way as of January 1, 2006, and the salaries of drivers for the last days of December are recognized as expenses in 2005, while income from these transportations will be reflected in 2006. Of course, this case gives insignificant, "penny" discrepancies, but the same "manipulations" are possible with larger amounts.

Stage 4: clarifying the composition of costs in relation to the main types of production and selecting a verification element. The classic elements of costs are: material costs, the bulk of which in industrial production are materials;

▪ depreciation expenses;

▪ labor costs and social contributions;

▪ other expenses.

73. REVISION OF COSTS. CONTROL OVER COMPLIANCE WITH THE LEGISLATION. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM OVER THE CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS

Legal Compliance Check in this area may include:

1) compliance of processing technology with GOST, TU, other quality standards;

2) compliance with licensing laws;

3) compliance with copyright law (the right to produce products under a certain trademark, or according to a certain technology);

4) economic feasibility of expenses when recognizing them for the calculation of income tax.

Assessment of the internal control system for material consumption. It is carried out when inspecting material-intensive industries. With regard to expenses, a high-risk area is the lack of control over the consumption of materials in production: consumption standards are not established or revised, expenses are written off in fact, deviations from the norm are not analyzed.

1. Find out from representatives of the organization being inspected: when was the last time the cost estimates for production were revised, whether timing, technical measurements, etc. were made;

▪ do the calculations take into account the possibility of replacing raw materials;

▪ is the actual consumption of materials compared with the planned one?

▪ Are the reasons for deviations analyzed?

2. Ask for documents confirming that control measures have been taken to reduce the risk of inefficient material consumption, for example, a statement comparing actual and planned material consumption with appropriate explanations. Please note whether such explanations are of a formal nature, for example, “overspending due to imperfect production technology.” Try to establish how the analysis of deviations is regulated by management, whether the real reasons are determined and what measures are taken.

3. Carry out (if possible) control procedures.

4. Draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of control in this area.

The repeated procedure of internal control in relation to the comparison of actual and planned consumption of materials is best carried out on the example of materials that are most at risk of incorrect accounting - relatively mobile and in demand. Examine the list of products in the manufacture of which the selected material is used. Using the same criteria, select a finished product item number (don't choose a very high-volume brand if you don't have enough time to analyze the data) and ask for a month's output of that finished product. Then request a cost estimate indicating the consumption of materials for the manufacture of a unit of finished goods. Find out what the calculation was based on. Study the calculation. Pay attention to the units of measure for materials and finished products. Ask to provide the calculation of the consumption of materials made by the employees of the organization for the release of these products or its electronic version. Double-check the amount of consumption of the selected material (recalculate on the calculator) - sometimes an error is detected in the program.

At the last stage, the data of the production department and the accounting department on the consumption of materials are compared.

74. REVISION OF COSTS. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Checking that all material costs reflected in the accounting actually took place, can be carried out in different ways. Depending on the complexity of the calculation, the production process, the finished product, facts of undersupply of raw materials can be identified either visually (for example, the absence of olives in a pizza, provided for by the calculation), or through simple actions (weighing the olives put on a pizza), or through laboratory tests. Therefore, the auditor should check the write-off of raw materials: with costing data;

▪ with data from the production department, and if such a report is provided to the customer, then with data for the customer;

▪ with accounting data.

In the case when the write-off of raw materials according to accounting documents corresponds to the costing data, and in fact there are less raw materials, the auditor can record the fact of the theft of raw materials.

The facts of the write-off of raw materials in excess of the established norms can be taken into account at the enterprise promptly, without being reflected in the accounts. The auditor must find out whether the accounting for the consumption of raw materials is organized within and above the norm. If there is such an account, the auditor should make sure that the established norms are correctly determined. To do this, the test run method is used. If the norms are correct, it is necessary to find out the reasons for the excess write-off of raw materials.

If accounting for the consumption of raw materials within and above the norms at the enterprise is not organized, the auditor can:

1) using cost estimates, restore the quantitative and cost accounting of consumed raw materials and identify excess consumption;

2) using the test run method, make sure that the norms laid down in the cost estimate for a unit of finished products are correct.

The presence of excess consumption of raw materials is often due to the poor quality of raw materials, in which case the auditor can use the method of laboratory analysis to confirm the information.

Checking that all material consumption that actually occurred is reflected in the accounting, aims to identify expenses actually incurred but not reflected in accounting. This situation may arise in the following cases:

1) accounting errors. For example, some of the documents for the write-off of materials were lost in the process of being transferred from department to department, and the control system of the organization itself did not reveal this error;

2) deliberate underestimation of volumes. For example, the organization receives part of the income illegally and does not see the need to legalize them. In this case, part of the illegal income is directed to the purchase of materials, which, in turn, are not reflected in the accounting records.

Checking that the cost of materials used is included in expenses in the correct amount, is carried out using the tracking method. At the same time, the following are sequentially checked: the price of the material in the contract - the price in the warehouse accounting card - the price in the accounting department - the price in the inventory sheet - the price in the production delivery invoice - the price in the production department expense data - the price in the accounting department expense data.

75. REVISION OF COSTS. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR DEPOSIT COSTS

Audit of depreciation costs is rarely carried out, since errors in this area are practically not found. This is primarily due to the strict state regulation of the calculation of depreciation rates for the purposes of calculating income tax and the complexity of accounting for the difference between depreciation for tax and accounting purposes.

With regard to depreciation costs, as a rule, a general check is made of the compliance of the dynamics of the total amount of depreciation with the dynamics of fixed assets.

If the analysis of the overall dynamics gives non-standard data or depreciation occupies a significant part of the expenses, a more detailed check of these amounts is carried out.

The main risks in this area are: incorrect determination of the useful life of a fixed asset;

▪ error in calculating depreciation;

▪ incorrect identification of the object, the production costs of which include the amount of depreciation;

▪ incorrect classification of the depreciation group of a fixed asset, errors in determining the start and end dates of depreciation, erroneous application of depreciation to non-depreciable objects, etc.

1. Find out from representatives of the organization being inspected how the procedure for determining the service life of the acquired fixed asset is organized, what document defines it, and what documents are created. The most unreliable way is to determine the depreciation group of a fixed asset by the accountant himself, or based on a telephone conversation with an engineer.

2. Ask for documentation indicating who is responsible for determining the useful lives of newly acquired fixed assets.

3. If possible, repeat the control procedure.

4. Formulate a conclusion about the state of internal control in this area.

Illustration. Review the list of fixed assets, select one or two “old” and one or two recently acquired fixed assets. Look at their useful life indicated in the accounting documents and how many more years they are planned to be used. Study who determined these deadlines, whether there is a signature of these persons on any document. Find out from specialists how long these fixed assets can be operated under normal operating conditions of the organization, proper inspection and maintenance. Compare the answers with the credentials. Sometimes questions arise during logical analysis. For example, when purchasing a premises, its useful life is set at 10 years, which immediately raises the question: what kind of premises is this, why can it only be used for 10 years, etc.

Repeat the depreciation calculation on the calculator, sometimes there is an error in the computer program. Find out where fixed assets are used, how their use is documented, and how you can verify that a given fixed asset was used in the production of those products whose manufacturing costs include its depreciation.

76. REVISION OF COSTS. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR LABOR EXPENSES

Labor costs in most cases are formed by the organization correctly - in accordance with the established tariff (salary) and hours worked. This is due to rather strong control over wages as the basis for calculating the unified social tax, the correctness of which is checked by the tax authorities. On the other hand, the payment of wages is controlled by employees who know the amount due to them for the work and, in the event of serious deviations, go to the accounting department. Thus, high-risk areas include situations that are not controlled by the tax authorities or the employees themselves: payment of wages illegally, "in envelopes"; - payment of wages to unemployed persons; - "shuffling" the grounds for accruals, for example, the fact of downtime is hidden and the employee is charged the usual tariff; instead of a business trip, a regular working day is noted in the report card, etc.

Payroll expenses are recognized as inefficient in the following cases: no work is being done to optimize the number of personnel;

▪ the remuneration system does not stimulate employees to improve labor efficiency. Another aspect of accounting for labor costs is the distribution of costs between cost and work in progress balances. There is a different kind of risk here: wages are calculated correctly for employees, but expenses are taken into account incorrectly.

1. Find out how the audited organization records downtime, how recording and payment of downtime is regulated, whose responsibilities include analyzing losses from downtime, etc.

2. If the organization carries out work or provides services, find out whether it is possible to include wage costs in the expenses of one reporting period, and recognize income from customers in the next reporting period; what measures are taken by the organization to prevent such a situation.

3. Find out what is the system for filling out work time sheets, whether errors were identified in the time sheet (for example, indicating a working day instead of a business trip note), who checks the correspondence of the time sheet data with the fact (for example, if a person returned from a business trip earlier or later than the date specified in the order, like this verified, because changes are not made to the order).

4. Find out how overtime work is taken into account after the fact, who checks the time actually worked by the employee with the time indicated on the timesheet.

5. Repeat control procedures.

6. Formulate a conclusion about the state of internal control in this area.

If the remuneration of employees is not piecework, but time-based, it is quite difficult to control the use of their working time. Some companies introduce so-called time sheets, in which the employee writes down what he did in each of the two-hour intervals; then these sheets are analyzed by the head and the internal control service.

From advance reports for any month, take documents for two or three business trips of different employees; request timesheets of these employees and check the dates of their trip with the timesheet data.

77. REVISION OF COSTS. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR OTHER EXPENSES

Such items of other costs as "Expenses for the repair of fixed assets", "Legal and consulting services" are traditionally used as channels for "cashing out" of funds, which attracts closer attention of auditors to them.

Before conducting an audit, it is necessary to set goals correctly: search for evidence of possible fictitious data or check the formal side of the costs (the existence of a contract, an act of acceptance of work, a correctly executed invoice, indicating VAT in the correct amount).

Further actions of the auditor depend on the choice of the target.

1. Ask the accounting department to print the General Ledger for each month for the General Business Expenses account, analyze the composition of expenses, clarify the list of the largest expenses (or regularly recurring average expenses by amount), and ask to provide documents on such expenses.

2. Determine the degree of “materiality of traces”. Assess the risks of fictitious expenses; Please note that in many cases the services are actually real.

3. Find out from representatives of the organization being audited: how the initiation of such expenses is recorded, how you can find out who actually raised the question of the need for such expenses;

▪ whether the organization’s budget provided for such expenses;

▪ how the involvement of organizations that performed the types of expenses that attracted your attention was organized: who negotiated, what other applicants were there, etc.;

▪ who made the final decision on the choice of contractor, where this is documented;

▪ how the work results were accepted, whether any comments or shortcomings were identified, and where they were recorded.

4. Draw a conclusion about the organization of decision-making on the largest expenses.

A substantive check can be built according to the following scheme.

The possibility of fictitious services is assessed. For example, if façade repairs are included in the costs, there is less risk of fictitious costs, as these repairs must be visible. If the provision of such services is not obvious (for example, they repaired geographically remote facilities, or the work was hidden - repair of a heating main, transfer of pipes, etc.), it is necessary to study the documents more closely. Fictitious works may be indicated by:

1) lack of detailed engineering documentation. For example, when moving pipes, there should be a clear plan - where they lay and where they need to be moved; if asphalt is being repaired, then there should be asphalting boundaries on the plan indicating the asphalting area; if the roof was repaired, then there should be an indication of which part of the roof, etc.;

2) no complaints, acceptance of work the first time: in real documents, something is usually corrected, deleted, etc.;

3) the unwillingness of the employees of the audited organization to discuss these issues, the manifestation of alertness and even hostility towards the inspector; refusal under various pretexts to inspect the repaired facilities;

4) lack of any information about the contractor on the Internet.

If possible, a cross-check of the contracting organization gives the best result.

78. REVISION OF COSTS. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

Cost effectiveness can be assessed in many ways:

▪ Does the organization have a system of incentives for employees for saving resources (without compromising product quality);

▪ does the organization have a system for collecting rationalization proposals for improving production technologies;

▪ how often the standards for consumption of raw materials and labor resources are revised;

▪ are new types of raw materials being studied (and by whom), the possibility of replacing used components with higher quality ones, new technologies that produce less waste or defects, etc.

In industrial organizations, an important item of expenditure is electricity. The auditor should find out whether there is control over its consumption. Inspection of the territory of the enterprise allows you to identify connected sub-subscribers - tenant organizations, stalls, parking lots, etc. According to the energy supply organization, the auditor can conduct a comparative analysis of data on electricity consumption and data on output. In case of discrepancies in the dynamics of the data (taking into account seasonal fluctuations in electricity demand), the auditor can conduct a survey of employees to identify the reasons.

Very often, the organization lacks control over the use of vehicles. Subdivisions should be set a budget that indicates the allowable variation in the cost of maintaining vehicles, including the amount of expenses for the purchase of new vehicles with an indication of their brand. The auditor must find out whether there is control over the loading of vehicles, the number of hours of their downtime. A particular problem is the control over the installation of spare parts on vehicles. The absence of indication of the state registration number in the acts on the write-off of spare parts should be considered as a sign of poor organization of internal control.

Most enterprises have no control over the use of production equipment by employees, including mobile communications, the Internet, a copier, etc. Companies that control this process have built-in special programs that record the address of Internet sites visited by employees from the workplace, active work with computer programs installed at the workplace, etc. Such a system allows taking into account not only the efficiency of equipment use, but also the use of working time by employees.

79. AUDIT OF DEBT ON LOANS. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

1. Ask your accountant to provide data on the largest loans for the reporting year. From loan agreements, determine loan terms, objectives and interest rates.

2. Examine the collateral issued for the loans received.

3. Ask an accountant to prepare data on how the principal amount of the loan will be spent. Assess the general criteria for the feasibility of attracting loans.

4. If you identify suspicious credit transactions, discuss this situation with the management of the organization being audited.

5. Find out who initiated the loan on these terms, whether alternative lending options were considered, who made the final decision on choosing a bank and loan terms, and in what documents this is reflected.

6. Determine who makes decisions about the use of credit, who gives instructions on payment using credit resources, and in which document this decision is recorded.

7. Assess the state of internal control in this area.

Illustration. If an organization has opened a special current account where only loan funds are received, the expenditure of which can be easily verified, confidence in the reporting of this organization is higher.

When checking, a special place is occupied by questions of the intended use of the loan. Currently, the purpose of the loan is not always clearly indicated in the text of the loan agreement. The wording "to replenish working capital", "for current needs", etc., allows you to use the loan in any direction.

If the purpose of the loan is clearly stated in the agreement, the auditor should check its intended use.

The main problem during the audit is the distinction between the concepts of "distraction" and "use", which is interpreted ambiguously even by the judiciary.

For example, an organization received a targeted loan for the purchase of equipment, but bought raw materials with this money. At the same time, the organization refuses to acknowledge the fact of misuse, arguing that it only diverted the loan funds: finished products will be made from raw materials, they will be sold, i.e., the money will be returned and used for its intended purpose.

A similar situation arises with the placement of targeted loan funds temporarily on bank deposits, in bank bills, etc.

The difficulty of checking the intended use of the loan creates a large number of settlement accounts of the organization, while money is constantly transferred from account to account, if there are also significant cash inflows from other non-credit operations, the loan funds "dissolve" and it is almost impossible to track their use.

80. AUDIT OF DEBT ON LOANS. COMPLIANCE CONTROL

A special place in the verification of accounts payable is the verification of the safety of the issued security, for example, property pledged as security for a loan. The main types of credit security are surety, guarantee, pledge of securities, goods, and other property.

As a rule, there is a link to the pledge agreement in the text of the loan agreement, but the pledge agreement itself is drawn up separately.

The auditor must consider the quality of the collateral. It is possible when, in order to cover the asset withdrawal transaction, a significant fixed asset is issued as collateral for a loan, while the non-return of the loan is planned in advance. In this case, outwardly the transaction looks like it complies with the law.

The auditor must determine whether the collateral is material to the business of the entity being audited. For example, a plant can secure all of its vehicles or one new production line as security for a loan. It is clear that the loss of cars can be compensated by renting others, but the loss of a production line will significantly reduce production volumes.

When inspecting state-owned enterprises and institutions, the auditor must verify the owner's consent to encumber the property of the organization being inspected with a pledge.

The auditor must also evaluate the established value of the collateral - usually with the involvement of an expert appraiser.

The auditor must check the reflection of information about the pledge of property on the off-balance account 009 "Securities for obligations and payments issued", as well as the fact of disclosure of this information in the explanatory notes to the financial statements.

The auditor must inspect the subject of pledge, make sure that its characteristics correspond to those specified in the pledge agreement (in terms of completeness, quantity, weight, etc.). The fact of loss, including sale, of the subject of pledge may be revealed. The auditor must indicate this fact in the act. The loss of the collateral is the basis for the bank to demand early repayment of the loan, which may adversely affect the financial position of the organization, initiate bankruptcy proceedings.

If there is a collateral, the auditor must assess compliance with the repayment schedule for the loan amount and the likelihood of it being violated by foreclosure on the collateral, as well as the possible consequences for the audited organization.

81. AUDIT OF DEBT ON LOANS. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

Loan debt check is to study that:

▪ all debts reflected in the accounting actually exist (prerequisite for existence");

▪ all debts that actually exist are reflected in the accounts (prerequisite for completeness).

Checking that all debts reflected in the accounting actually exist, is carried out by studying the reconciliation reports with the bank prepared by the organization.

Checking that all debts that actually exist are reflected in the books, is aimed at identifying debts that are not reflected in accounting or identifying an understatement of the actual amount of debt.

Identification of existing, but not recorded debts, by and large, is generally unrealistic, since if the bank where the loan was received is unknown, it is impossible to find out the amount of the loan.

Cases of understatement of the amount of debt are associated in most cases with non-reflection of interest on the loan. For verification, the auditor makes a recalculation.

In some cases, organizations are not charged interest payable under a loan agreement for the reporting period, as they seek to "embellish" the results of the organization's economic activities. To justify their actions, credit or loan agreements indicate the term for paying interest on the loan at the end of the loan, the possibility of changing the interest rate on the loan (for example, depending on the foreign exchange rate), etc.

The auditor must carefully study the terms of the loan agreement in terms of interest, check the arithmetic method for the correct calculation of their amount.

There may be cases of accrual of interest on the debit of the settlement account and on the credit of the account of the loan agreement, i.e. interest is, as it were, accrued, but not recognized as expenses. The auditor must check the correctness of the allocation of interest to the relevant balance sheet item in accordance with the accounting rules.

It is possible that the amount of interest payable by the borrowing organization during the term of the loan will significantly worsen its financial condition. The auditor must check the validity of financial plans that take into account the repayment of the loan amount and interest on it. In case of doubt, the auditor must reflect this fact in the act, citing the detailed calculations made by him.

82. AUDIT OF DEBT ON LOANS. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

The auditor must check the duration of the loan on the current account of the organization. Every day of "downtime" of the loan entails losses for the organization in the form of paying interest on the loan. In some cases, the loan (or most of it) is always on the current account of the recipient organization, and then returned to the bank with interest paid. In this situation, this operation may hide the actually "donated" amount of interest to the bank, which may be a payment for another completed transaction.

With a real need to raise credit funds, the auditor should assess the possibility of raising funds from other sources; maybe the organization itself has sufficient funds or you can use the installment plan of suppliers.

If payments to suppliers are made in stages, the auditor should check whether the loan is issued in the form of the provision of appropriate tranches of the loan agreement in value.

The auditor must evaluate the effectiveness of the interest rate specified in the loan agreement. The following options are possible:

▪ the rate is higher than the market rate;

▪ the rate corresponds to the market rate;

▪ the rate is lower than the market rate.

To clarify this issue, the auditor must study the relevant reference materials, possibly request credit institutions, use the data of other organizations that received a similar loan in the same period.

If the loan rate is higher than the market rate, the auditor must find out the reasons for attracting a loan on such terms and arithmetic to determine the amount of losses due to overestimation of the rate.

If the rate is below the market, this fact in itself does not entail financial losses, however, it is possible that the payment of real interest is covered by some other transaction, for example, a significant amount of collection commission, etc. In addition, the organization that issued credit or loan on such terms, and the interests of this organization fall within the competence of the auditor.

83. REVISION OF PROFIT DISTRIBUTION. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM. COMPLIANCE CONTROL

1. Evaluate the distribution of the organization’s profit in the following areas:

▪ profit before tax;

▪ income tax;

▪ net profit;

▪ share of net profit allocated for dividends;

▪ dividend per ordinary share, rubles;

▪ the volume of large capital investments of the organization;

▪ availability of loans to finance capital investments.

2. Discuss with the auditee how dividend proposals and discussions are documented. Ask to see the minutes of the meeting of the board of directors at which the size of the dividend was discussed. Is it possible to look at some calculations, projects, justifications for proposing this particular dividend amount and not another. Did any of the members of the board of directors propose other options for the size of dividends? Is this reflected in the minutes?

3. Discuss with representatives of the board of directors what their vision of the organization’s dividend policy is, what plans for the future, and whether there is a strategic development plan for the organization.

4. Draw a conclusion about the state of internal control in this area.

On this area compliance control consists mainly in monitoring compliance with the norms of the joint-stock legislation, including compliance with the terms of payment of dividends.

84. REVISION OF PROFIT DISTRIBUTION. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

When evaluating the dividend policy, the following key contradiction (dilemma) should be taken into account:

a) maximization and stability of the payment of dividends contribute to the growth of the exchange price of shares, the increase in labor productivity (if the shares are owned by employees);

b) maximizing the payment of dividends reduces the share of profits reinvested in the development of production. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the volume and timing of dividend payments in accordance with the strategic goals, objectives and programs for the development of the enterprise (the main criteria for making appropriate decisions may be as follows: the need for funds for the development of production, liquidity, stability of dividends, the possibility of using borrowed funds, the risk of losing control as a result of a new issue, restrictions on the payment of dividends by lenders, etc.).

The organization must fully comply with legislative restrictions, implement the decisions made on the payment of dividends on shares (interest on bonds) of the enterprise.

Revision methodology:

1. Find out (by means of questioning and interviewing personnel, conversations with management, collecting and analyzing documentation, etc.) the goals and financial strategies of the enterprise, financial development programs.

2. Analyze: documents containing information about the foundation, establishment of an organization and its legal form; - documents containing general information about shareholders; organizational, administrative and accounting and financial documentation confirming decision-making and actual payment of dividends.

3. Find out and evaluate: factors influencing the dividend policy (the growth rate of the enterprise, profitability, stability of income, the desire to maintain control over the activities of the enterprise, the degree of financing through borrowed capital, the possibility of financing from external sources, the reputation of the enterprise, the market price of shares, etc. .);

▪ the procedure for making decisions on dividend payments (calculation methods, mechanisms for agreeing on amounts, level of payments, etc.), the procedure for announcing payments, the degree of compliance with the established procedure;

▪ the procedure (conditions, time parameters, priority, etc.) and form (in money, property) of dividend payment, the degree of compliance with it (actual payments);

▪ compliance with legally established restrictions on the payment of dividends (non-payment of authorized capital, non-repurchase of shares, signs of bankruptcy, etc.);

▪ motives for repurchasing shares (increase in earnings per share, etc.);

▪ goals and terms of bond loans, interest rates, forms of issue, security (pledge of property, guarantees and guarantees of third parties, without collateral), reliability (ratings), procedure (methods) for payment of income and repayment, degree of compliance (actual payments).

85. REVISION OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

After conducting an audit of the main areas of accounting, a general conclusion can be drawn about the management of the organization. The following questions can be formulated.

1. Did the audit provide evidence that the organization has a clear, economically developed long-term development plan for 3-5 years ahead:

a) there are no long-term development plans;

b) there is a long-term plan, but it contains only ideas and goals, there is no detailed economic study of the plan with the linkage of the activities of all major departments;

at) the long-term plan was worked out in detail, linked with the plans and budgets of the departments, and during a visual inspection, there were no clear doubts about its feasibility and elaboration.

2. How can the current management of an organization be assessed based on the results of the audit:

a) the organization operates mainly by virtue of inertia, "on the knurled", there is no clear system of budgeting and control;

b) the organization has begun work on improving the quality of management, separate budgets are being drawn up, attempts are being made to create a more modern system of internal control, but a coherent system has not yet been created;

at) the organization has a detailed budgeting system, established control over the development and execution of the budget, deviations are regularly analyzed, a system has been established for timely response to changes in external and internal conditions.

3. Based on the results of the audit, how can one evaluate management’s policy in terms of combating fraud in business and the desire for transparency in the decision-making procedure:

a) in the course of the audit, it was not possible to get a clear answer to the question of what organizational measures prevent managers at all levels from making transactions in their own interests that are contrary to the interests of the company;

b) the organization has good control over the actions of middle and lower-level managers, but in relation to top-level managers, evidence of the application of control measures during the audit could not be obtained;

at) during the audit, evidence was obtained of a reliable system of control of owners, their representatives in the Board of Directors over the actions of managers at all levels.

4. How to assess the risk of material misstatement of financial statements based on the results of an audit:

a) there is such a risk, during the audit some "problem" areas were identified, the audit of which revealed significant deviations of the fact from the accounting data;

b) according to the results of the audit, it is not possible to answer this question;

at) the risk is minimal, the generation of credentials is transparent and well controlled, no significant deviations were found.

The auditors' findings should be reflected in the final section of the audit report, they should be accompanied by justification and reference to specific examples, results of control actions or documents.

86. INTRODUCTION OF THE REVISION ACT

According to established practice, the final document based on the results of inspections by state control bodies is called an audit report.

In cases where the identified violations can be hidden or it is necessary to take urgent measures to eliminate them or bring officials and (or) materially responsible persons to responsibility, a separate (interim) act is drawn up during the audit, and the necessary written documents are requested from these persons. explanations.

The interim act is signed by a member of the audit team responsible for checking a specific issue of the audit program, and the relevant officials and financially responsible persons of the audited organization.

The facts set forth in the interim act are included in the audit act.

Introductory part of the audit report, as a rule, contains the following information:

▪ name of the audit topic;

▪ date and place of drawing up the audit report;

▪ by whom and on what basis the audit was carried out (number and date of the certificate, as well as an indication of the planned nature of the audit or a link to the task);

▪ period under review and timing of the audit;

▪ full name and details of the organization, taxpayer identification number (TIN);

▪ departmental affiliation and name of the parent organization;

▪ information about the founders;

▪ main goals and activities of the organization;

▪ licenses the organization has to carry out certain types of activities;

▪ list and details of all accounts in credit institutions, including deposit accounts, as well as personal accounts opened with the federal treasury;

▪ who had the right of first signature in the organization during the audited period and who was the chief accountant (accountant);

▪ by whom and when the previous audit was carried out, what was done in the organization over the past period to eliminate the identified shortcomings and violations.

The introductory part of the audit report may contain other necessary information related to the subject of the audit.

87. CONTENT (DESCRIPTIVE OR ANALYTICAL) PART OF THE REVISION ACT

The content of the audit report (it is also called descriptive, analytical, motivating, etc.) should consist of sections in accordance with the issues specified in the audit program.

The descriptive part of the audit report should comprehensively reflect all significant circumstances related to the identified facts of violations.

Mandatory reflection in the descriptive part is subject to: the nature of the violation of the law, the method of its commission, the period of financial and economic activity or the business transaction to which (to which) this violation relates, references to documents and other circumstances that reliably confirm the existence of the fact of violation with an indication of regulatory legal acts, the requirements of which are violated, as well as the facts of non-submission of any documents.

When compiling the content of the final document, some methods of generalizing and implementing control results are used - a set of methods for synthesizing the results of the control and making decisions to eliminate the identified shortcomings in the financial and economic activities of the audited enterprise and prevent their recurrence in the future. These techniques include: grouping deficiencies, documenting the results of intermediate control, analytical grouping, investigative legal justification, systematic grouping of deficiencies in the act of a comprehensive audit, making decisions based on the results of the audit, monitoring the implementation of the decisions made.

Grouping disadvantages - systematization and generalization of violations of regulatory legal acts in the course of economic activity in terms of economic homogeneity, time of commission and significance. Grouping procedures are used when checking the documentary reliability of the control results.

Chronological sequence - a way of grouping shortcomings and violations of regulatory legal acts in financial and economic activities identified in the process of studying documents. With this method, documents are checked in the order in which they are grouped during accounting processing and bound into folders by reporting periods.

Systematized way of grouping allows you to identify shortcomings in the study of homogeneous documents for the entire audited period. At the same time, documents are first checked for cash transactions, then for commodity, settlement, etc. This method allows you to more deeply study individual operations and processes.

Chronologically-arranged grouping consists in the fact that the auditor identifies shortcomings in chronological order and systematizes them according to the economic homogeneity of operations (cash, banking, commodity, settlement, etc.).

It is not allowed to include in the act of audit (verification) various kinds of conclusions, assumptions and information about the financial activities of the audited organization that are not confirmed by documents. It is also not allowed to include in the act information from investigative materials and references to the testimony of officials given by them to the investigating authorities.

88. FINAL PART OF THE ACT OF AUDIT. DECOR. REVISION MATERIALS

In the final part of the audit report, conclusions on the results of the audit are to be reflected.

The audit act is signed by the head of the audit group (controller-auditor), and, if necessary, by the members of the audit group, the head and chief accountant (accountant) of the audited organization.

The audit report is drawn up in at least two copies and signed by all verifiers.

One copy of the act is handed over to a representative of a legal entity (a person carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, or his representative) against receipt with a note in the first copy of the audit act. In case of refusal to receive an audit report, as well as if it is impossible to hand over an audit report for other reasons, a note is made in the audit report, certified by the signatures of the inspectors, and a copy of the audit report is sent to a legal entity (a person engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity) for familiarization by registered mail no later than the day following the end of the audit.

If the officials of the audited organization refuse to sign or receive the audit report, the head of the audit group (controller-auditor) at the end of the report makes a record of their familiarization with the report and refusal to sign or receive the report.

In this case, the audit certificate may be sent to the audited organization by mail or in another way indicating the date of its receipt.

Audit materials consist of an audit report and properly executed annexes to it, to which there are links in the audit report (documents, copies of documents, summary certificates, explanations of officials and financially responsible persons, etc.).

Audit materials are submitted to the head of the audit body no later than three working days after signing it in the audited organization. On the last page of the audit report, the head of the control and audit body or a person authorized by him makes a note: "Materials of the audit are accepted", the date is indicated and he signs it.

Based on the submitted audit materials, the head of the control and audit body determines the procedure for the implementation of audit materials within a period of not more than 10 calendar days.

Based on the results of the audit, the head of the control and audit body sends a submission to the head of the audited organization for taking measures to suppress the violations identified, compensate for the damage caused to the state and bring the perpetrators to justice.

89. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ON THE AUDIT

The results of the audit conducted in accordance with the Plan of the main issues of economic and control work of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, decisions of the board and orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, instructions of the leadership of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, are summarized by the Department of State Financial Control and Audit and reported in writing to the leadership of the Ministry of Finance of Russia along with proposals for taking measures, including within the competence of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, aimed at eliminating the identified violations and compensating for the identified damage.

The results of an audit carried out in accordance with reasoned resolutions, requirements of law enforcement agencies or at the request of public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local governments are reported to these bodies by the head of the control and audit body along with proposals for taking measures aimed at eliminating the identified violations and compensating for damage. If necessary, audit materials are also sent to these bodies.

The materials of the audit carried out according to reasoned decisions, the requirements of law enforcement agencies, are transferred to them in the prescribed manner. At the same time, copies of the audit report, explanations of officials of the audited organization guilty of the violations identified by the audit, and documents confirming these violations must be left in the affairs of the control and audit body.

The law enforcement agencies may also be sent materials of audits carried out without prior motivated decisions issued by them, during which violations of financial discipline, shortages of funds and material assets were revealed, which, in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, are the basis for the implementation of audit materials in the prescribed manner .

The results of the audit by the head of the control and audit body, if necessary, are reported to a higher organization or to the body exercising general management of the activities of the audited organization for taking action.

The control and audit body ensures control over the implementation of audit materials and, if necessary, takes other measures provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation to eliminate the identified violations and compensate for the damage caused.

The control and audit body systematically studies and summarizes audit materials and, on the basis of this, if necessary, makes proposals for improving the system of state financial control, additions, changes, and revisions of legislative and other regulatory legal acts in force in the Russian Federation.

90. MANDATORY ANNUAL AUDIT OF UNITARY ENTERPRISES

A mandatory annual audit is carried out in cases determined by the owner of the property of a unitary enterprise. The owner of the property of a unitary enterprise has the right to decide on the conduct of audits.

The exemplary charter of a federal state unitary enterprise provides for the obligation of the enterprise to annually conduct audits in the presence of certain financial performance indicators. A mandatory audit is carried out if the organization is a state unitary enterprise, a municipal unitary enterprise based on the right of economic management. Thus, the rules on mandatory auditing do not apply to state-owned enterprises based on the right of operational management, except for cases when such an audit is carried out by decision of the owner of the property of this enterprise. For municipal unitary enterprises, the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation may lower financial indicators. When conducting a statutory audit in organizations in whose authorized (share) capitals the share of state property or property of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is at least 25%, the conclusion of contracts for the provision of audit services should be carried out following the placement of an order for the provision of such services in the manner prescribed by the Federal Law " On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs.

The competition for the selection of an audit organization to carry out a statutory audit of an organization is held in order to identify an audit organization that provides the best conditions for conducting a statutory audit of the organization's financial (accounting) statements.

Order of the Ministry of Property of Russia No. 30.12.02-r dated December 4521, XNUMX approved the Standard Terms of Reference for a mandatory audit of federal state unitary enterprises.

The terms of reference determine the composition of the tasks and subtasks required to be performed by the auditor in the course of the statutory audit, which include the audit of: constituent documents;

▪ non-current assets;

▪ production inventories;

▪ production costs;

▪ finished products;

▪ cash;

▪ settlements;

▪ off-balance sheet accounts.

The results of the audit are presented by the auditor to the management of the unitary enterprise in the form of an audit report drawn up in accordance with the rules (standards) of audit activity, as well as an audit report containing information on the solution of each of the tasks and subtasks of the audit with reasonable conclusions and proposals for each task and subtask. One copy of the audit opinion and the audit report on the results of the audit of a unitary enterprise is sent by the auditor to the Ministry of Property (currently - the Federal Agency for Federal Property Management of Russia). The procedure for organizing the selection of audit organizations for conducting audits of unitary enterprises of the constituent entities of the federation is regulated by the regulatory acts of the constituent entity, and generally corresponds to the procedure for this process at the federal level.

91. STATE CONTROL OVER THE ACTIVITIES OF UNITARY ENTERPRISES

Control over the activities of a unitary enterprise is carried out by the body exercising the powers of the owner and other authorized bodies. Such bodies should, first of all, include tax, customs and other bodies exercising control over the activities of a unitary enterprise in other forms not regulated by law.

Federal executive authorities responsible for coordinating and regulating activities in the relevant branches (areas) of management annually approve the activity programs of federal state unitary enterprises subordinate to them. Every year (before August 1), the head of the federal state unitary enterprise submits to the federal executive body in charge of which the enterprise is located, a draft program of the enterprise’s activities for the next year, developed in the prescribed form and representing a set of activities related to each other in terms of timing and sources of financing .

The activities of the program should reflect the main areas of activity in the planning period to achieve the goals defined by the charter, decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal executive bodies. Together with the draft program, a feasibility study of the planned activities, the costs of their implementation, as well as the expected effect from their implementation are submitted.

Another important form of control over the activities of a unitary enterprise is reporting on the results of its activities.

The financial statements include: balance sheet; - report about incomes and material losses; - annexes to them provided for by regulatory enactments;

▪ auditor's report;

▪ explanatory note.

The head of the federal state unitary enterprise annually sends to the federal executive body authorized to approve the program of the enterprise's activities, simultaneously with the annual report report on the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, which should reflect the following issues: structural changes in the shares of product markets that the enterprise has;

▪ implementation of measures to improve the quality and competitiveness of the enterprise’s products;

▪ use of advanced technologies and inventions in the production of products and provision of services;

▪ implementation of federal investment programs;

▪ achieving the approved main economic indicators of the enterprise;

▪ generalized data on the progress of implementation of the enterprise’s activity program for the reporting period;

▪ information about all circumstances that disrupt the normal functioning of the enterprise or threaten its financial position;

▪ implementation of measures to prevent bankruptcy of the enterprise;

▪ program of the enterprise’s activities for the next year. Has its own characteristics control over the activities of state-owned enterprises. The production and economic activities of a state-owned enterprise are carried out in accordance with the order plan and the enterprise development plan.

92. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM OF A UNITARY ENTERPRISE

In the Concept, the main risks associated with the functioning of unitary enterprises are described as follows: "in practice, the broad powers of the heads of unitary enterprises in the absence of effective tools and procedures for managing, controlling and motivating managers lead to:

a) the transfer of part of the financial flows of unitary enterprises to satellite firms created with the aim of changing the direction of financial flows. As a result, all the profit that unitary enterprises could receive ends up in these firms;

b) conclusion of transactions in which the management of a unitary enterprise is interested, which leads to an artificial increase in the cost of production, and in some cases to theft of state property;

at) the lack of up-to-date information from state bodies on the state of affairs in unitary enterprises;

d) the inability to prevent the negative consequences of unskilled or illegal activities of managers.

The number of insolvent unitary enterprises is growing, which is largely provoked by the lack of proper management and lack of control by the state."

The preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of internal control by the auditor includes:

1) sending a request to the head of a unitary enterprise in order to clarify the measures taken at the enterprise in order to avoid economically unjustified intermediary links at the "input" of resources (purchase of raw materials and equipment) and at the "output" (sale of products, works, services);

2) consideration of management responses to the request;

3) study on the example of two or three largest purchases for the audited period of the supplier selection procedure;

4) study of the structure of buyers, analysis of the organization of marketing policy, using the example of two or three brands of products, compare the sale price and market prices;

5) conclusion about the effectiveness of the internal control system in terms of counteracting the risk of transferring financial flows to "satellite firms".

93. CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE BY A UNITARY ENTERPRISE WITH THE LEGISLATION

Interested party transaction head of a unitary enterprise cannot be carried out by a unitary enterprise without the consent of the owner of the property of a unitary enterprise.

The consent of the owner must be given in relation to a specific transaction in which there is an interest. In this case, the person (persons) who is its party (parties), beneficiary (beneficiaries), price, subject of the transaction and its other essential conditions must be indicated.

The head of a unitary enterprise must bring to the attention of the owner of the property of a unitary enterprise the following information:

▪ about legal entities in which he, his spouse, parents, children, brothers, sisters and (or) their affiliates, recognized as such in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, own 20% or more of the shares (shares, shares) in the aggregate;

▪ about ongoing or proposed transactions known to him, in which he may be recognized as interested.

Affiliated persons are individuals and legal entities capable of influencing the activities of legal entities and (or) individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activities.

The decision to commit big deal is accepted with the consent of the owner of the property of a unitary enterprise.

A large transaction is a transaction or several interconnected transactions related to the acquisition, alienation or the possibility of alienation by a unitary enterprise, directly or indirectly, of property, the value of which is more than 10% of the authorized capital of a unitary enterprise; or more than 50 times the minimum wage (SMIC) established by federal law.

At the same time, the value of property alienated by a unitary enterprise as a result of a major transaction is determined on the basis of its accounting data, and the value of property acquired by a unitary enterprise - on the basis of the offer price of such property. Such transactions may include suretyship agreements, property pledge agreements, and others, in case of non-fulfillment of which, execution may be levied on the property of the guarantor, pledgor, etc., with its alienation in the manner prescribed by law.

Unitary enterprise has the right to borrow only in agreement with the owner of the property unitary enterprise volume and directions of use of attracted funds.

94. CONTROL OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF A UNITARY ENTERPRISE. PERFORMANCE CONTROL

In general, the procedure for auditing the financial statements of a unitary enterprise is the same as the procedure for auditing ordinary commercial organizations. However, in the accounting of such enterprises there are a number of features. For example, the procedure for reflecting the transfer of property to economic management (operational management) of a unitary enterprise in excess of the authorized fund determined by the statutory documents and the withdrawal of such property is explained by letters from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, in accordance with which the value of the received fixed assets "on the balance sheet" of a unitary enterprise, without increasing the authorized capital, should be reflected as an increase in the profit of a unitary enterprise, which, of course, somewhat distorts the data on real profit according to the balance sheet.

Control over the activities of unitary enterprises is directed to increase the efficiency of use of federal propertyassigned to these enterprises. Control over the activities of a unitary enterprise includes: approval of economic efficiency indicators of its activities and monitoring their implementation. In order to analyze the efficiency of enterprises, the relevant executive body is recommended to form a balance commission, the tasks of which, in particular, are to assess the efficiency of use of property by enterprises and monitor the implementation of approved indicators of economic efficiency of enterprises.

The commission analyzes the submitted materials and, based on the results of the analysis, evaluates the quality of enterprise management systems, as well as the level of professional competence of enterprise managers. The commission can make recommendations on improving the efficiency of enterprises, re-examine the documents of enterprises. Determining the values of indicators of economic efficiency of the activities of unitary enterprises is carried out by the federal executive authorities, which are entrusted with the coordination and regulation of activities in the relevant industries or areas of management. Such values are determined annually before the beginning of the reporting year on the basis of programs (plans) for the activities of unitary enterprises; accounting and other reporting; data of the register of indicators of economic efficiency of federal state unitary enterprises; other information resources. Determination of the values of indicators of economic efficiency of unitary enterprises actually achieved during the reporting period is carried out by the heads of unitary enterprises on a quarterly basis in accordance with the legislation on accounting.

To assess the economic efficiency of unitary enterprises, they approve and analyze for the actual achievement of the following indicators (in thousand rubles): proceeds (net) from the sale of goods, products, works, services (minus value added tax, excises and similar mandatory payments);

▪ net profit;

▪ part of the profit to be transferred to the federal budget;

▪ net assets.

95. CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE LEGISLATION

Misuse of funds - their direction and use for purposes that do not meet the conditions for obtaining these funds, defined by the approved budget, budget schedule, notification of budget appropriations, estimates of income and expenses, or other legal basis for their receipt, then the issue of interpreting the concepts of efficiency and rationality has not been fully resolved .

Experts in the field of financial control give the following interpretations: “Rationality can be understood as the choice of the best of several proposed options for completing a given task or solving a problem. In this case, the funds spent on the implementation of the best option can be recognized as used rationally.

At the same time, if adherence to the principle of efficiency and economy in the use of budget funds means achieving the desired results using the least amount of funds or achieving the best result using the amount of funds determined by the budget, then the very concept of efficiency can be defined as the ratio between the result obtained and the funds spent.

Thus, there are four options for the use of funds:

1) rational and efficient - the optimal way to solve the problem is chosen, the principle of efficiency is observed;

2) rational, but not effective - the optimal way to solve the problem was chosen, but the principle of efficiency was not respected;

3) irrational, but effective - the principle of efficiency is observed within the chosen solution path, but this path is not the best among the available ones;

4) irrational and inefficient - in addition to the fact that the chosen way of solving the problem is not the best among the available ones, the principle of efficiency was not observed in its implementation.

However, if the goal is to achieve a certain level of profitability of transport enterprises, it seems not entirely obvious that the introduction of such a system will contribute to the achievement of such a goal, since it is quite possible that this measure will lead to a reduction in passenger traffic, an increase in the total costs of operating vehicles and the emergence of other circumstances that adversely affect the amount of profit of enterprises.

At the same time, the achievement of a given goal in any one direction can cause changes in related areas, and such changes are not always positive.

96. PERFORMANCE CONTROL (PERFORMANCE AUDIT) OF BUDGETARY INSTITUTIONS

The activity of any organization, including the budget one, should be considered, on the one hand, as a functional activity, and on the other hand, as a production or economic activity, which is characterized by material, labor and financial costs for the implementation of its functional activity.

The performance audit system is an assessment of the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the use of public resources when the recipients of budgetary funds fulfill their tasks.

The estimated indicators reflect:

▪ economy - absolute or relative savings of financial resources based on the achieved quantitative and qualitative results of their use;

▪ productivity - the degree of correlation between the results obtained and the financial, material and labor resources used to achieve them;

▪ effectiveness - the degree of achievement of planned results and the final socio-economic effect obtained from the use of budget funds.

As a subject of the performance audit, the activity of economic entities on the use of budgetary funds is considered.

The consequence of industrial or economic activity are direct results in the form of a product of activity, that is, what was directly obtained as a result of the use of budgetary funds.

The consequence of the functional activity of the organization are the final social results that characterize the consequences for society, any part of the population or a certain group of people of the performance of the functions or tasks assigned to it.

The implementation of an audit of the effectiveness of the use of budgetary funds is based on a number of basic principles and methods common with financial audit, inherent in financial control as such.

The performance audit for all the main parameters of the control activity has a more complex methodology, requires significantly larger procedures, time and resources compared to a traditional financial audit.

This is due to the fact that the choice of topics and objects of performance audit, their preliminary study and especially the formation of audit evidence require obtaining extensive information and studying a large amount of documents and materials.

In the performance audit process, a variety of analytical and evaluation methods and procedures are used, various surveys and questionnaires are often conducted, which require careful preparation and considerable time.

97. PERFORMANCE AUDIT OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS (STAGES 1 AND 2)

Stage 1. Selecting topics and objects of inspection. Of primary importance when planning performance monitoring is determining the need for it, taking into account the emergence of an objective need to assess the efficiency, productivity and effectiveness of the use of public financial resources.

When choosing the direction of efficiency control, one can be guided by the socio-economic significance of the issue, the presence of high risks, the amount of public funds allocated to this area, etc.

Stage 2. Preliminary study and selection of performance criteria. In order to determine the criteria for assessing effectiveness, it is necessary to first study the Regulations on this object, the Charter and other legislative and regulatory documents relating to its activities before entering the audit object. It is possible to use two types of performance evaluation criteria:

a) criteria characterizing the direct results of the activities of the audited objects;

b) criteria reflecting the final social results of their activities.

When assessing the direct results of the activities of organizations, the following indicators can be used:

1) cost indicators, i.e. financial, labor and material resources used to obtain specific results (for example, hospital equipment);

2) indicators of the direct results of the costs incurred (for example, the number of people who underwent medical examinations)

As criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the direct results of the activities of the audited objects, the ratio between the costs of resources incurred (in value terms) and the results obtained (volume of output, work performed, services rendered) can be used. For example, the criterion for evaluating the effectiveness in the construction of schools and other educational institutions is the costs incurred per one educational place, and hospitals - the costs per "bed". The criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of public funds for universities is, for example, an indicator of the cost of teaching students who were subsequently expelled due to poor performance, for schools - an indicator of class occupancy.

Based on these criteria, an assessment of the results of the provision of budgetary services for its recipients should be made. In order to avoid a conflict of interest and to fully use the opinions of specialists in the preparation of control of the effectiveness of the control object, the head of the control object must be familiar with the prepared control criteria. Based on the results, a decision is made to include (or not include) this performance control in the annual (quarterly) work plan. When making a decision to conduct performance monitoring, a control plan and program are drawn up on the basis of the preliminary study data. The plan reflects the main organizational issues related to performance monitoring, such as the list of issues to be checked, the amount of income and budget expenditures on them.

The control program is a detailed description of the activities necessary for the practical implementation of the plan.

98. PERFORMANCE AUDIT OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS (STAGE 3)

Stage 3: Data collection and performance evaluation.

When monitoring the effectiveness, the following are carried out:

1) checking the economic activities of the administration in accordance with the basic administrative principles and practices, as well as management policies (budget program);

2) verification of the productivity of the use of labor, financial and other resources, including the study of information systems, the results of production activities, the state of internal control, as well as the methods and process for eliminating identified deficiencies by the object of control;

3) checking the effectiveness of activities, the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the object of control, checking the actual results in comparison with the planned results.

At the stage of performance monitoring, the goal is to collect the necessary and sufficient evidence that allows you to prepare observations regarding the fulfillment of the criteria, draw a conclusion for each goal (sub-goal) of control, identify opportunities for improving the indicators of effective use of budgetary funds, and develop specific recommendations for the control carried out. Evidence can be material, documentary, witness and analytical. Material evidence is based on the results of an inspection, inventory, documentary evidence is based on the actual materials of the object of control (contracts, accounting reports, etc.), witness evidence is based on the results of a survey, conversation or questionnaire, analytical evidence is based on estimates, calculations and comparisons of the collected data. When conducting control, primary (prepared by inspectors) and secondary (obtained from the object of control or third parties) evidence can be used.

During the audit process, it is necessary to conduct an objective analysis of the collected evidence based on performance evaluation criteria. Based on the results of comparing the actual data with the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness, conclusions should be prepared, which should indicate to what extent the results of the facility's activities correspond to the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness and formulate conclusions in relation to the objectives set within the framework of this audit. Factors indicating the inefficient use of public funds can be both quantitative and qualitative. Based on the conclusions made, the reasons that lead to inefficient results of the audit object's activities should be determined.

Evidence is objectively assessed against criteria for the preparation of reviewers' observations and final performance monitoring reports. If the auditor finds that the actual performance does not meet the established criteria, the facts identified are significant and have the potential to improve efficiency, recommendations are prepared for the adoption of appropriate corrective measures.

The number of performance evaluation criteria and the combination of their quantitative and qualitative, relative and dynamic values in each performance audit may be different depending on the characteristics of the audited area of public funds use.

99. PERFORMANCE AUDIT OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS (STAGE 4)

Stage 4. Preparation of the audit report. It is allowed to compile reports not in standard forms, but in the form of information reports.

The structure and content of the report are formed depending on the goals and scope of the control activity. The report on the results of the control should reflect all the established facts of violations, proposals for their elimination, improvement of regulatory legal acts and increasing the efficiency of the use of state funds.

The report must contain an independent and credible assessment of the economy, efficiency and effectiveness with which resources are acquired and used, as well as the effectiveness of the implementation of the assigned tasks.

The content of the report should not be entirely focused on reflecting the existing shortcomings, it should be constructive. The report should clearly articulate the findings and provide suggestions for improvements that need to be made.

In the audit act, it is necessary to assess the legislation that guides the audit object, that is, to what extent the applicable laws ensure the effectiveness of the audit object. It also reflects the presence of contradictions in the current legislation, a list of issues that are not reflected in it. In addition, an assessment is made of government decrees and internal documents that the audit object uses in its work and analyzes the compliance of these documents with the current legislation. In the event that contradictions in regulatory documents are identified that lead to loss of income or an increase in budget expenditures, it is necessary to assess their impact on the budget.

The following components should be included in the act of auditing and auditing the effectiveness of the use of public funds and in the report on the results of the audit:

▪ the purpose of this audit, performance audit;

▪ list of audit objects;

▪ the period of time that the audit covers;

▪ a brief description of the audited object, program or area of activity of this object, indicating the responsibilities and functions of managers related to the indicators and results of work in the audited area;

▪ results of analysis of the functional activities of the audited object;

▪ identified facts of ineffective use of public funds and financial irregularities;

▪ conclusions and conclusions drawn from the audit results;

▪ recommendations, which should contain proposals to eliminate identified deficiencies and solve existing problems.

The report on the results of the audit should reflect the comments of the heads of the audited objects (if any), including the existing disagreements regarding the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness, conclusions and recommendations.

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