16. CULTURE OF EUROPE AT THE END OF XV - BEGINNING OF XVI CENTURIES

The heyday of art in Germany at the beginning of the XVI century. associated with the Reformation. The head of the leading artists here was Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) - portrait painter, as well as a master of engravings. Durer created a series of illustrations for the last book of the Bible - the Apocalypse ("The Revelation of John the Theologian").

The heyday of art in Holland was associated with the victory of the Dutch Revolution. Orders for paintings were now made not by the church (there were no icons in Protestant churches), but by wealthy citizens who wanted to decorate their homes. In Holland, such genres of painting as portrait, landscape, still life developed. All his life he worked tirelessly, but the great master of painting died in poverty Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669). One of his best paintings is “The Return of the Prodigal Son.”

From the end of the XNUMXth century the flowering of art in Spain began, often called the "golden age" of Spanish culture. The most prominent artist of this period was Diego Velazquez (1599-1660). He painted both ceremonial portraits of the king, his family and the highest nobility, and paintings dedicated to the common people (“Spinners”).

Second half of the XNUMXth - early XNUMXth centuries - the time of the greatest rise of the fine arts in Italy, where during this period the best features of humanism appeared in the works of three great contemporaries.

Florentine Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was an encyclopedically developed person: a brilliant painter and scientist, architect and sculptor, musician and poet. As an artist, he was most interested in man, his feelings and thoughts ("Mona Lisa"). Leonardo da Vinci was also an engineer-inventor, far ahead of his time. He developed devices that can be called prototypes of a parachute and a helicopter, a submarine and a diving suit.

The great figure of this time was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) - sculptor, painter, architect, military engineer and poet.

In the central square of Florence, Michelangelo's statue of "David" was installed. Michelangelo did a grandiose job of frescoing the ceiling and walls of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He also designed the huge dome of St. Peter's in Rome. Beautiful works of the artist filled with harmony and quiet sadness Raphael Santi (1483-1520). His most famous painting is the Sistine Madonna.

Many humanist writers sharply condemned the feudal order and substantiated in their writings the possibility of the existence of a new just society.

English writer Thomas More (1478-1535) was the founder of a new genre of literature - a utopian novel, a story about a better, more just structure of human society. During this time, the great writer lived and worked William Shakespeare (1564-1616). Deep penetration into human psychology ensured Shakespeare's works a long life.

His immortal novel "Don Quixote" the great Spanish writer Miguel Cervantes (1547-1616) created while in jail on false charges. The works of Shakespeare, Cervantes and other authors became the basis for the work of writers of the New Age.

A crushing blow to the picture of the world of medieval man was dealt by a Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). He came to the conclusion that the Earth is not the center of the universe, but rotates together with other planets around the Sun. Italian thinker Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) developed the teachings of Copernicus. According to the views of J. Bruno, not only the Earth, but also the Sun is not the center of the universe. Bruno was tried by the Inquisition and burned at the stake in Rome.

Bruno's fate was avoided at the cost of renouncing his views. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - the inventor of the telescope. The laws of planetary motion have been calculated Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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