87. MAIN FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE IN THE END OF THE XIX - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES

Late XIX - early XX centuries. was a time of change in the social composition of society and sharp contradictions between its various layers, the time of the formation of new values ​​and norms of behavior, was a turning point in world culture. In art, there was an intense search for other artistic forms, methods, techniques capable of capturing a picture of the new world.

Changes in society create conditions for the emergence of a new creative direction in art - critical realism. Realists are trying to understand the society of this era, to reveal the causes of the ugly phenomena of life, to display the surroundings in all the ugliness and severity of conflicts. At the end of the XIX century. accusatory motives sound stronger in works of art, the entire social system falls under the fire of criticism. Art seeks to reveal the laws of development of society. For the analysis of reality, the methods of scientific knowledge, the discoveries of medicine, biology, and social sciences are involved. Realists deepen the ideas of the creators of culture in the first half of the XNUMXth century. about the formative influence on a person of society, the environment, on the one hand, and the biological principle, heredity, on the other. Some realists mechanically transferred the laws that existed in nature to human society. Supporters of such views called themselves naturalists. Naturalism raised topics that were considered indecent and forbidden: the ugly side of life, the life of the "bottom people".

In the spring of 1874, little-known painters, rejected by the academic Salon of Arts and calling themselves independent, presented their works to the public. But their painting was met only by mocking laughter from visitors, and the newspapers were filled with articles with headlines: "Comic Exhibition", "Mockery", "Scribble", etc. The artists were given a nickname given in derision by one journalist - the Impressionists. The reason was the name of the painting by C. Monet "Impression. Sunrise" ("impression" in French impression). The impressionists were united by the desire to capture the variability of the beauty of the world around them. C. Monet was an outstanding impressionist. Widely known are his paintings "Rocks in Belle-Ile", "Hacks", "Poplars", "Rouen Cathedral", "Field of Poppies". At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. French artists created their canvases: C. Pissarro (1830-1903), O. Renoir (1841-1919) and others. During this period, famous writers worked: E. Zola (1840-1902), J. R. Kipling (1865-1936).

The development of musical culture in the late XIX century. associated with the work of composers, carried away by the discoveries of the Impressionists. A well-known French composer of that time Claude Debussy (1862-1918), who sought to recreate the changing face of nature.

The advent of cinema is an important event in the cultural life of the late XNUMXth and early XNUMXth centuries.

End of the 28th century was marked by an important event - the advent of cinema. The first screening of silent films took place on December 1895, XNUMX in one of the Parisian cafes. The inventors of cinema are the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumiere, who called their apparatus for displaying films "cinema". The first tapes looked like everyday photographs. In the first decade of the XX century. most of the films were made for booths, and the tapes were shot without preparation, there was no sound.

In general, the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries. characterized as a period of modernization in the field of culture with the rapid growth of scientific knowledge, the formation in the minds of people of new ideas about the development of nature and society, the secularization of consciousness and the secularization of school education.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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