History of modern times. Crisis of the Ottoman Empire (most important)

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History of modern times. Crisis of the Ottoman Empire (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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84. CRISIS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The main causes of the crisis of the Ottoman Empire were:

1) frequent uprisings of the Balkan peoples against Turkish rule, starting from the beginning of the XNUMXth century. and throughout the XNUMXth century;

2) Russian-Turkish wars of 1828-1829, 1854-1856, 1877-1879, in which Turkey had heavy losses and expenses for waging wars;

3) the complication of the internal situation associated with the Janissary corps, which was hated by the people and turned out to be powerless in the war against the rebellious Greeks and other Balkan peoples. In 1826, by order of Sultan Mahmud II, the rebellious Janissaries were executed, and the corps was liquidated. After that, the Sultan began to create a new army on the European model. As a result, during the period of deterioration of the international position of Turkey, the sultan was left without the old army and was unable to create a new one. The result was the defeat in 1829 in the Russian-Turkish war. The position of Turkey during this period of time was further complicated by the performance of the Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali, whose troops in 1832 in the battle near the city of Konya utterly defeated the Turks.

Exacerbation of the crisis of the Ottoman Empire

The consequence of all that happened was the emergence of the crisis of the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 3th century. Sultan Mahmud II tried to bring the country out of the crisis and began a series of reforms. So, on November 1839, 70, the sultan's rescript (hatt-i-sheriff) was announced, which opened the period of reforms in Turkey, known as "tanzimat" (tanzimat-i-hairiye - "beneficial reforms"). These reforms were half-hearted, one-sided, they met with resistance from the secular and spiritual feudal lords, and as a result, according to their objective goals, they were never implemented. By the beginning of the 70s. XNUMXth century increased dependence of the Ottoman Empire on foreign powers. Foreign capitalists made extensive use of non-equivalent trade, unequal treaties, enslaving loans, and the capitulation regime. Moreover, in their hands was such an important lever of influence on the economy and political life of the country as the Ottoman Imperial Bank. In their operations and actions, they relied on the Turkish feudal lords and the comprador bourgeoisie, represented mainly by merchants of non-Turkish nationalities. To all the crisis phenomena was added a crisis in the country's agriculture, which was in decline. Only a small part of the cultivable land was sown, and the yields were extremely low. Significantly deteriorated in the XNUMXs. XNUMXth century position of the urban population.

Competition from foreign goods destroyed local crafts, and feudal orders hampered the development of capitalist production. The crisis of the Ottoman Empire deepened due to the intensification of the liberation struggle of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula, who were still under Turkish oppression. The government's attempts to reduce spending on the state apparatus and education did not improve Turkey's financial situation; in October 1875, partial financial bankruptcy was officially announced. A significant deterioration in the position of the Ottoman Empire occurred after the uprising in 1876 in Bulgaria and the war with Russia in 1877-1878. Already in 1879, Türkiye declared its complete financial bankruptcy. The process of economic and political subordination of the Ottoman Empire to the European powers, and primarily England and France, accelerated. Ultimately, Türkiye turned into a semi-colony, a raw materials appendage of foreign states. Foreign firms have acquired a number of concessions to exploit Turkey's mineral wealth. After the financial bankruptcy of Turkey, England, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy became creditor countries.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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