History of modern times. Formation of the nation state in Italy (most important)

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History of modern times. Formation of the nation state in Italy (most important)

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64. FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL STATE IN ITALY

The only Italian state where, after the suppression of the revolution, a constitutional structure was preserved, was the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont), in which a moderate liberal, Count, became the head of government since 1850. Camillo de Cavour (1810-1861). Cavour was a supporter of the English political system and economic reforms. Cavour began to carry out economic reforms that contributed to the development of industry, the construction of railways, highways, canals, and irrigation structures. Cavour's political program was to create a united Italy and liberate the country from Austrian rule. To achieve this goal, Camillo de Cavour pursued a policy of rapprochement with France and England. To implement his plans, Cavour in 1858 concluded a secret agreement with Napoleon III, which provided for the joint expulsion of the Austrians from Lombardy and Venice, for which Piedmont returned two provinces to France - Savoy and Nice.

The war with Austria began in 1859. The legendary general Giuseppe Garibaldi took an active part in the war against Austria. In May 1859, the combined forces of the French and Italians under the personal command of Napoleon III and D. Garibaldi defeated the Austrians in the battle of the village of Magenta and entered Milan. The last battle took place at Solferino on June 24, 1859. Austria was forced to conclude a peace treaty. Under the terms of this agreement, Austria ceded Lombardy to France, which Napoleon III then gave to the Piedmontese king, while Venice remained with Austria for now. The rulers expelled from there by the people were to return to Tuscany, Modena, Parma and the Page region.

Now Cavar had to end the struggle for the unification of Italy into a national state on his own. The National Assemblies elected in Modena, Tuscany and Parma decided to annex these duchies to Piedmont, to which the papal Romagna, in addition to Rome, had already joined. In March 1860, the first Italian parliament was convened.

But the struggle for a united Italy continued, and General Garibaldi took the main part in it, who, with a thousand volunteers, defeated the Neapolitan troops in Sicily in April-May 1860, and in August headed for Naples. The king fled from Naples, and Garibaldi rode into the jubilant city. But, fearing the growth of Garibaldi's influence, the king of Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II, sent his troops to the Kingdom of Naples. At the insistence of Garibaldi, on October 21, 1860, a plebiscite was organized, as a result of which Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the Kingdom of Naples. Garibaldi's army was dissolved by the government. By the will of the Italian electorate, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, consisting of Piedmont, the Kingdom of Naples, Sicily, and the regions united with them. According to the constitution of the Italian kingdom, almost all of Italy turned into a single constitutional monarchy with a parliament of two chambers. However, the process of unification of the country in 1861 was not yet completed. The Venetian region remained under the rule of Austria, and the secular power of the pope remained in Rome, which was guarded from the Italian people by the troops of Napoleon III.

In 1866, Italian troops defeated the Austrian army at the Battle of Sadov. After this defeat, Austria gave Venice and the Venetian region to the Italian kingdom. After the collapse of the Second Empire in France in 1870, the troops of Napoleon III left Rome, and the Italian army entered the Eternal City. Following the army, King Victor Emmanuel II also arrived. The unification of Italy in 1870 was completed. Rome became the capital of the united Italian kingdom.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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