69. ORIGIN OF UTOPIAN AND RADICAL TRENDS IN SOCIO-POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

The prerequisites for the emergence of utopian and radical trends in socio-political thought in the first half of the XNUMXth century. there were revolutions in Europe at the end of the XNUMXth century, as well as socialist ideas about the need to abolish private property and protect public interests, and the ideas of egalitarian communism, which developed in many works of thinkers of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. This led to the emergence at the beginning of the XIX century. the teachings of Robert Owen, Henri Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier. These thinkers, concerned about the fate of the ruined artisans and workers of scattered manufactory, tried to create a picture of a new society and state where people would be protected and respected. Their socialist ideas were utopian, but they were popular among artisans and workers who were going bankrupt or losing their jobs.

Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825) believed that economic crises hindered the progressive development of society. To get rid of them, Saint-Simon proposed creating a "new industrial system", a "society of industrialists", in which the interests of workers and entrepreneurs would coincide. Another representative of the trend of utopian socialism was Charles Fourier (1772-1837), who proposed to transform society with the help of associations of workers - phalanxes, which would combine industrial and agricultural production. In such phalanxes there will be no hired labor and no wages. All income is distributed in accordance with the amount of “labor and talent” invested by each person.

A well-known representative of the trend of utopian socialism was an English political and public figure Robert Owen (1771-1858), who in his works developed the idea of ​​​​the need to replace private property with public property and the abolition of money. He drew up a project for a future society based on the free labor activity of people. Owen's students even created enterprises based on the principles of egalitarian communism, but they fell apart after some time due to many complications of a socio-economic nature.

In the teachings of Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen, along with differences, there are also common features: the transformation of society should occur only peacefully on the basis of religious beliefs and the manifestation of the good will of people. Saint-Simon and Fourier also believed that private property should be preserved and serve all members of society, while strong state power was not needed. In addition, social utopians, in their desire to make everyone happy, sincerely considered it possible to completely regulate a person’s personal life, to dictate to him a mandatory course of action and behavior.

A pronounced radical trend in socio-political thought in the first half of the XNUMXth century. there was anarchism (from the Greek. anarcia - "anarchy"). Within anarchism, there were a variety of left and right movements: rebellious, some of which took the position of terrorist activity, and peaceful, for example, movements of cooperators in a number of European countries. But at the same time, in any of these currents, the main thing that was characteristic of anarchism was preserved: firstly, faith in the good sides of human nature, in the possibility of that communication between people, which is based not on violence and coercion, but on a free and loving relationship. to each other, and secondly, the conviction of the need to destroy the state power that exercises violence against the individual. During this period of time, the largest theoretician and figure of anarchism was Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865).

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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