History of modern times. Birth of industrial civilization (most important)

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History of modern times. Birth of industrial civilization (most important)

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39. BIRTH OF INDUSTRIAL CIVILIZATION

By the middle of the XVIII century. in England, the totality of the changes taking place in society led to the birth of a new industrial civilization. Its name is associated with one of the most important factors of those years - industrialization. Industrialization is commonly understood as the process of active introduction of machines into a variety of industries. Industrialization was made possible by the Industrial Revolution. Gradually, this process covered all leading European countries, as well as the United States.

One of the main and most important signs of the new civilization, which has not lost its significance even today, has become modernization. As for modernization, it is customary to understand the desire to master all the newest, most modern of the general complex of achievements of human thought, which was formed in the historical period under consideration. Literally translated, the word "modernization" means "modernization".

In the initial period of the existence of an industrial civilization, the leading countries themselves created everything new and modern in industrial production, culture, technology, paving the way to unexplored areas of science and economics. The task of the states following them was simpler - for them, modernization was reduced to the speedy mastering of the achievements and experience of the advanced countries in general. But the content of industrial civilization was not limited to the introduction of machines into production and modernization. In a broader sense, we can say that modernization covered all areas of the life of the new industrial society. This meant the secularization of consciousness (or otherwise "secularization"), and the growth of cities, and the widest range of ideas and scientific achievements laid down by the Age of Enlightenment, and new trends in political life, and much more. The main phenomenon of the new civilization was a fundamental change in human consciousness, the mentality of emerging societies.

The industrial society was more and more permeated with the spirit of entrepreneurship, calling on people to work tirelessly, make great discoveries and ingenious inventions, leave their native places and move across the seas and oceans in search of a better life. The man of industrial civilization aspired to the legally guaranteed possession of private property, and this was a completely natural feeling. A person's property is what he created or earned with his labor, energy and talent. This is what he will pass on to his children and grandchildren. The inviolability of property is one of the basic principles of bourgeois society. In an industrial society, yesterday's peasants and artisans became merchants and entrepreneurs, made a military, and sometimes even a political career. At first, only a few managed to make such an ascent, to make a career, then - to tens, hundreds, thousands. The most striking example of this was the development of industrial society in North America. There was an expansion of political, legal and economic rights and freedoms.

People not only valued these rights - they were considered the basis, the guarantee of existence. Because of the encroachment of the king on the rights of parliament, a revolution and civil war broke out in England. Bourgeois-democratic rights and freedoms, their constant improvement ensured the stability and sustainability of industrial civilization. The spread of industrial civilization to other countries of the world occurred either as a result of colonization, or in the course of mutual trade and economic cooperation.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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