History of modern times. England in the 17th century. Stuart Restoration (most important)

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History of modern times. England in the 17th century. Stuart Restoration (most important)

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22. ENGLAND IN THE XNUMXTH CENTURY. RESTORATION OF THE STUARTS

The Restoration of 1660 is explained by the strengthening of conservative sentiments in the ranks of the English bourgeoisie, as well as among the English new nobility, satisfied with the transformation of their feudal landed property into unlimited bourgeois property and the expansion of their land ownership in England and especially in Ireland. The bourgeoisie and gentry feared new mass movements that threatened their property. For these layers, the fact that Charles II returned to England not as an absolute monarch, but on contractual terms, was also significant. With the Breda Declaration of April 4, 1660, Charles II promised a political amnesty, freedom of religion, and the preservation of the right of ownership of property acquired during the revolution. Arriving in England, the new king confirmed a number of important constitutional acts, such as the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the statutes on the exclusive right of Parliament to approve taxes. Charles II promised to rule the country jointly with Parliament. The king did not have a permanent army, with the exception of the palace guard and a relatively few detachments stationed as garrisons in various parts of Scotland and Ireland. Deprived of the crown lands, confiscated and sold during the revolution, Charles was financially entirely dependent on parliament, which assigned a certain amount for the maintenance of the king and his court according to the so-called. civil list.

Charles II, his brother and heir to the throne, Duke of York, James, their chief adviser, Chancellor Earl of Clarendon, and other gentlemen soon discovered a clear desire to restore the pre-revolutionary political order. In England, the state Anglican Church was completely restored to the detriment of Presbyterianism and Independent sects. All “regicides” were excluded from the promised amnesty, which included not only participants in the tribunal that tried Charles I in 1649, but also all republicans, principled opponents of the monarchy. In January 1661, a group of English Anabaptists led by the cooper Thomas Venner rebelled. After its suppression, the government began systematic persecution of democratic sects, among which the memory of the good old cause in England, that is, the revolution of the 40s, still remained. XVII century

The restoration government also broke its promises regarding the preservation of the property of the new landowners. Part of the confiscated lands was returned to their former owners - the lords and the Anglican Church.

The position of the peasant holders as short-term tenants, whom the lord could drive off the land at any time, was later specifically formalized by the Restoration Parliament in a new act of 1677. This opened a direct path to further mass expropriation of the peasantry. The process of enclosing during the restoration intensified. The new masses of peasants turned into landless paupers, farm laborers, manufacturing workers or emigrants.

The Restoration government, headed by the Earl of Clarendon, had to reckon with the capitalist development of England, with the strengthening of the economic power of the bourgeoisie. Mercantilist policy pursued by Oliver Cromwell in the 50s. XVII century., Continued in the first years of the Restoration. A number of parliamentary acts of the 60-70s. XNUMXth century categorically forbade the export of raw materials (wool, leather, flax, various ores, etc.) and at the same time the import into England of foreign industrial products - cloth, linen and lace.

During the Restoration, the colonial possessions of England in America and India continued to expand. Two trade wars were fought with Holland - in 1665-1667 and 1672-1674, which were, as it were, a continuation of the first Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-1654.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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