History of modern times. Germany in 1815-1847 (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of modern times. Germany in 1815-1847 (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

61. GERMANY IN 1815-1847

By decision of the Congress of Vienna (1815-1847), instead of the Holy Roman Empire, the basis of which was the German nation, the German Union was created, uniting 35 sovereign monarchies and 4 free cities - Hamburg, Lübeck, Bremen and Frankfurt am Main. The representative body of the Union, the Bundestag, met in Frankfurt am Main, but its decisions were not binding on individual members of the Union. This Union did not set as its goal either the economic or political unification of the German people, but was a means for preserving the old order, the monarchist.

The forcibly and artificially tailored German Confederation could not become strong: Austria and Prussia were its strongest members, competing with each other for leadership in the Union, and in the future for leadership in a single German state. In 1815-1847. Germany remained an agricultural country. Many cities looked like during the Middle Ages, and their population rarely exceeded 4-5 thousand inhabitants. However, the reforms carried out by Napoleon I during the period from 1800 to 1814, when the German lands were part of the French Empire, did not go unnoticed. Capitalist methods of farming began to take root in both agriculture and industry. The most economically developed regions were the territories of the middle reaches of the Rhine - the Rhine-Westphalian provinces of Prussia, rich in deposits of coal and iron ore. Steam engines were actively used here, large industrial centers developed. By 1847, the capital of Prussia, Berlin, a city with a population of 400, became the largest commercial and industrial center. It concentrated 2/3 of the entire machine-building and cotton-printing production in Prussia.

In the 30-40s. 1834th century in the German states, factory production was actively developing, while a wealthy commercial and industrial bourgeoisie grew, and the number of hired workers increased. The economic development of Germany, including Prussia, was greatly hindered by customs barriers between the states that were part of the German Union. Therefore, in 18, at the initiative of Prussia, the German Customs Union was created, uniting 1847 states, but customs borders between other states of the German Union were still preserved, which led to a rise in the cost of goods transported through these borders. In the same years, railways were built, their length in 6 was about XNUMX thousand km.

The successful economic development of the German Union was hampered by internal contradictions and conflicts in its constituent states. The idea of creating a united German state was spreading more and more among the progressive, educated sections of the population. In particular, the German liberal bourgeoisie demanded the convocation of an all-German class representation, the strengthening and expansion of the Customs Union, and the abolition of Junker privileges. The question of the unification of the country became the main thing in the life of the Germans. But King Frederick William IV of Prussia was opposed to unification on the basis of constitutional government, which he notified the Landtag in 1847, when he turned to him for financial assistance. Then the Landtag, which consisted mainly of nobles, refused this assistance to the king, for which it was dissolved (the majority of the Landtag deputies were in favor of adopting a constitution).

In 1847, the world economic crisis broke out, which caused a sharp aggravation of the internal political situation in the German Union.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

<< Back: England in the 50s and 60s XNUMXth century

>> Forward: Austrian Empire and Italy

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General and clinical immunology. Crib

▪ Criminal executive law. Lecture notes

▪ Informatics and information technologies. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Operate better during the day 22.03.2009

When a kidney transplant is performed during the day, it works better than if it is performed at night. These are the results of 660 kidney transplants performed at the clinic of the University of Bonn (Germany).

In about 40% of cases, transplants were performed at night, so as not to delay the transfer of the organ from the donor to the recipient, although the kidney can be stored in a special box for up to 36 hours. After a night transplant, complications occurred in 16% of the operated patients, and after a day operation, only in 6%. Apparently, during the day, surgeons are in better shape and more attentive.

Other interesting news:

▪ Prostheses that feel heat and touch

▪ Microchip dsPIC16CK33MC 64-bit microcontrollers

▪ Graphene laser for photonic microcircuits

▪ Biochemistry for automotive fuel

▪ Dogs understand words and intonations just like humans

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Big encyclopedia for children and adults. Selection of articles

▪ article Arched structure for a greenhouse or conservatory. Tips for the home master

▪ article How does coffee affect people? Detailed answer

▪ article operating nurse. Job description

▪ article Capacitive relay. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Economical signaling device for the presence of mains voltage. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews