80. GERMANY AT THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

By the end of the XIX century. German unification was completed. The new state included 22 monarchies that retained their autonomy, and 3 free cities - Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck. In the spring of 1871, the first Imperial Reichstag adopted a constitution that consolidated the leading role of Prussia in the empire. According to this constitution, only the Prussian king could be emperor of the German Empire. He led the armed forces, resolved issues of war and peace, appointed and dismissed the head of government (Reich Chancellor), approved or rejected all bills, convened and dissolved the imperial parliament - the Reichstag.

After the victory over France in 1871, the German Empire received Alsace and part of Lorraine - lands rich in iron ore and coal, which provided more opportunities for the development of heavy industry. In addition, France paid Germany a huge indemnity over the three post-war years - 5 billion francs. In addition to this, Germany removed enterprise equipment and means of transport from the occupied departments. All this together allowed Germany to begin modernizing its economy, and primarily its industry.

Rise of monopoly capitalism

In the 90s. 1910th century Monopoly capitalism emerges in Germany. At this time, large banking and industrial corporations are created, especially in heavy industry. Some of them become monopolies. By 9, XNUMX powerful Berlin banks concentrated in their hands half of all monetary deposits in the country. Domestic and foreign trade developed, German goods and capital were sent abroad. With the growth of industrial production, the urban population also grew. In agriculture, a process characteristic of the development of an industrial society took place: the peasants were dispossessed of land, some of them became farm laborers in the cadets and farms. Property stratification in the villages intensified, many peasants left for the cities, replenishing the ranks of the working class. Germany at the beginning of the XNUMXth century became an industrial power.

"New Deal" Bismarck and Wilhelm II In opposition to the Bismarck government were the Social Democrats and the trade unions under their influence. In 1875, at the unification congress in Gotha, the creation of a single Social Democratic Party of Germany took place, and the Gotha Program was adopted, which set as its goal the creation of a "free people's state" by peaceful means, through the organization of production workers' associations. Bismarck hated the Social Democrats, seeing them as a threat to public order, and led through the Reichstag the so-called. An exceptional law against the socialists, which prohibited the activities of not only the party, but also the workers' unions (which was meaningless, since it was impossible to destroy the labor movement). In the course of a stubborn struggle in the Reichstag, Bismarck achieved the adoption of three main laws: on insurance in case of illness, in case of injury, in case of old age and inability to work. The last law provided for the payment of a pension to workers over the age of 70, and the pension was appointed at the expense of the state. Bismarck's "New Deal" was marked by the conclusion in 1882 of the Triple Alliance, which, in addition to Germany, included Austria-Hungary and Italy, as well as by the intensification of new colonial conquests in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Along with the rapid economic development in the late XIX - early XX centuries. there was a militarization of the economy and enhanced armament of the army. Stirring up the nationalistic feelings of the Germans, the German Empire was preparing for the "big war", which was unleashed by it together with the allies in the Triple Alliance in 1914.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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