History of modern times. France in the 16th-17th centuries (the most important)

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History of modern times. France in the 16th-17th centuries (the most important)

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11. FRANCE IN THE XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries

By the end of the 15th century, having completed its unification, France became the largest state in Europe in terms of population (XNUMX million people). In terms of economic development, it surpassed Spain, Southern Italy, and the Scandinavian countries, but lagged behind Holland and England.

In the first half of the XVI century. the king decided the most important matters, consulting only with a narrow circle of close associates who were members of the royal council. The king himself, without the consent of the Estates General, introduced new taxes. But on the ground, the nobility still had a great influence.

First, the Lutheran faith penetrated into France, and by the middle of the XNUMXth century. there were many supporters of Calvinism. Calvinists in France were called Huguenots. Their leaders were close relatives of the ruling Valois dynasty - the Bourbons and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. At the head of the Catholics was a noble family from Lorraine (a region in eastern France) - the Dukes of Giza.

The religious wars in France began during the reign of Henry II's younger sons: Charles IX and Henry III. They lasted about 30 years (1562-1594). As a result, the Bourbon dynasty established itself on the throne in the person of King Henry IV, a cunning and resourceful man who changed his religion several times in order to survive and gain power.

Louis XII was succeeded by his cousin and son-in-law, the Count of Angouleme.

Francis I (1515-1547) was the embodiment of the new spirit of the Renaissance. During the reign of Francis, the following main events took place: a successful campaign in Italy in the year of the coronation (1515), culminating in the victorious battle of Marignano; the conclusion of a special agreement with the pope (the so-called Bologna Concordat of 1516), according to which the king began to partially manage the property of the French church; unsuccessful attempt

Francis proclaimed himself emperor in 1519, when his significant financial resources could not withstand competition with the funds of the Fugger bankers who supported Charles; his ostentatious meeting with Henry VIII near Calais (then still part of England) on the famous “Field of Cloth of Gold” in 1520; and, finally, the second campaign in Italy, which ended with the defeat of the French army at the Battle of Pavia (1525).

Henry II succeeded his father on the throne in 1547. His wife was Catherine de Medici, a representative of a family of famous Italian bankers. After the untimely death of the king, Catherine played a decisive role in the politics of France for a quarter of a century, although her three sons officially ruled: Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III.

The policy of persecution of Protestants, begun by Francis I and tightened under Charles, ceased to justify itself. In 1562, an open confrontation of the parties began, punctuated by periods of truces and agreements, according to which the Huguenots were given a limited right to be in certain areas and create their own fortifications. Charles IX organized a terrible massacre of his opponents on the eve of St. Bartholomew's Day on the night of August 23-24, 1572. Henry of Navarre managed to escape, but thousands of his associates were killed. Charles IX died two years later and was succeeded by his brother Henry III. The leaders of the Catholics formed a "league" against him, wishing to enthrone their leader, Henry of Giza. Unable to withstand the confrontation, Henry III treacherously killed both Guise and his brother, the Cardinal of Lorraine. Henry III quickly moved to the camp of his other rival, Henry of Navarre, where he was soon killed by a fanatical Catholic monk.

The end of the religious wars was completed by the Edict of Nantes in 1598. The Huguenots were officially recognized as a minority with the right to work and self-defense in some areas and cities.

During the reign of Henry IV and his famous minister, the Duke of Sully, order was restored to the country and prosperity was achieved.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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