85. FIGHT FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF POLAND, THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND THE BALKANS

The revolution in Poland in 1848, which had as its goal the establishment of independence in Poland and its unification, ended in defeat. In February 1863, a convention was signed between Russia and Prussia on joint police measures against the Polish insurgents. Significant assistance to the rebels was provided by the Poles living in Galicia and Poznan (Austria and Prussia). Volunteers from different countries fought in the ranks of the Polish rebels - Russians, French, Italians, Croats, Hungarians, Germans. But the forces were unequal - the total number of rebels was only 15-20 thousand people. They were opposed by the tsarist army of 126 thousand people with 176 guns. The uprising was suppressed in 1864. According to its program and main driving forces, the uprising in Poland was a bourgeois-democratic revolution, although for a number of reasons it did not develop into a mass peasant movement. During the revolution of 1905 in Russia, the national liberation movement also intensified in Poland. In many places in Poland there were clashes with troops and police. Poland gained independence only after the revolution in October 1917 in Russia.

In the 1848th century The Czech Republic was part of Austria-Hungary (originally the Austrian Empire). The national liberation struggle of the Czech people intensified during the revolution of 1849-XNUMX. After the defeat of this revolution, the Czech people lost their elementary national rights.

The Czech national movement was led by a national party that represented the interests of the bourgeoisie. At the heart of its program was the demand for autonomy for the Czech Republic within the framework of the Austrian Empire. In 1869, Czech workers and artisans took an active part in anti-Austrian demonstrations. In October 1868, a state of siege was introduced in Prague, and police repression intensified. The Czech bourgeoisie, fearing the growth of the labor movement, for its part made efforts to limit the activities of camps (a new form of rebel movement - open-air meetings) and generally to weaken the activity of the proletariat. Thus, there was no unity in the Czech national liberation movement. Its activation occurred in 1905-1907. under the influence of the Russian revolution. The Czech Republic gained independence after the revolution in Hungary in 1918-1919. and the collapse of Austria-Hungary.

In the mid 60s. 1866th century a favorable environment was created for strengthening social and political ties between the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula. In XNUMX, Serbia entered into an alliance with Montenegro for a joint struggle against Turkey.

At the end of June 1874, the governments of Serbia and Montenegro demanded that Turkey refuse to send punitive troops to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Turkey did not satisfy their demands, and on June 30 both Slavic states declared war on her. The outcome of the liberation struggle of the Balkan peoples depended not only on their own efforts, but also on the international situation, on the clash of interests of the major European powers in the so-called. eastern question. On April 24, 1877, the Russian government declared war on Turkey. As a result of successful military operations, Russian troops liberated Bulgaria. On March 3, 1878, a peace treaty was signed in San Stefano. But at the Berlin International Congress on June 13, 1878, England and Austria-Hungary, with the support of Germany, achieved a significant change in the terms of the San Stefano Treaty. As a result of the terms of the new treaty, areas with a large non-Turkish population remained under Turkish rule - Southern Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Thessaly, the Aegean Islands; Bosnia and Herzegovina was occupied by Austria-Hungary.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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