История нового времени. Революция 4 сентября 1870 г. во Франции (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Революция 4 сентября 1870 г. во Франции (самое важное)

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67. REVOLUTION OF SEPTEMBER 4, 1870 IN FRANCE

The defeat of the French army led by Emperor Napoleon III on September 2 near Sedan caused an explosion of discontent in French society. The people laid the blame for the defeat in the war of 1870 on the emperor and his entourage. On September 4, 1870, a revolution broke out in Paris. The rebellious people demanded the establishment of a republic. The Parisian deputies, fulfilling the will of the insurgent people, gathered in the town hall, proclaimed a republic and formed the Provisional Government of National Defense. At the same time, hostilities were still ongoing, and on September 20, the Prussian army completely blockaded the capital of France. Besieged Paris was in a very difficult situation. The winter was cold, there was not enough coal, food. The people were starving. Because of the siege, industry was paralyzed. Business owners and merchants lost their income, and workers and employees - wages. There was nothing to pay for housing.

However, after the capture of Paris, defeat was inevitable, and the Prussians agreed to a truce so that the French could elect a representative assembly to negotiate. The Republicans advocated the continuation of the war, the monarchists - for the conclusion of peace. Since the Bonapartists were completely discredited, and the population in its mass was in favor of peace, the monarchists received the majority of seats in the National Assembly. Half of the monarchist deputies were legitimists who supported Charles X's heir, the Count of Chambord. The other half, the Orléanists, supported the grandson of Louis Philippe.

Provoked by the triumphant entry of Prussian troops into Paris, the Paris National Guard seized several cannons and refused to hand them over to army units sent by Thiers. Following the traditions of 1793, a revolutionary city government, the Paris Commune, was created, and Paris defied the National Assembly, essentially starting a civil war that lasted almost two months.

After the conclusion of peace in January 1871, the blockade of Paris was lifted, but the situation in the capital remained disastrous. The war was over, and the members of the National Guard were no longer paid. During the Prussian blockade, the government temporarily banned the collection of housing and debt payments from Parisians.

Now these benefits have been cancelled, but people did not have money. The Parisians were indignant at the government, holding it responsible for the current difficult situation and suspecting it of seeking to revive the monarchy. On March 4, 1871, the government demanded that the population urgently pay rent, threatening debtors with eviction from their apartments. The National Guardsmen, of whom there were about 1871 thousand people in Paris in the spring of 300, were once again demanded to surrender their weapons. On March 18, 1871, by order of the government, soldiers tried to capture the cannons of the National Guard located on one of the hills of Montmartre, but the people prevented them. The Parisians forced the soldiers to retreat, but the national guards arrested and on the same day shot Generals Lecomte and Thomas, who commanded the government troops. On March 18, the entire city, including government institutions, fell into the hands of the rebel Parisians. Upon learning of this, the head of government, 74-year-old Adolphe Thiers, his ministers, government employees and most representatives of the capital's wealthy population left Paris and moved to Versailles. In conditions of virtual anarchy, a spontaneous uprising occurred. Then the Central Committee of the National Guard took power into its own hands.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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