История нового времени. Особенности духовной культуры Китая в XVI-XVIII вв (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Особенности духовной культуры Китая в XVI-XVIII вв (самое важное)

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46. FEATURES OF THE SPIRITUAL CULTURE OF CHINA IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES

During the period of the Ming Empire in China, philology and history were especially developed. Gu Yan-wu, who owns the "Pentateuch on Phonetics" - a classic work on historical and modern phonetics, as well as other works on history, economics, philosophy, philology, etc. .

During this period, official historiography developed: dynastic histories were published, and continuations of the chronicle "The Universal Mirror Helping Management", begun in the XNUMXth century, were compiled.

An important geographical work of that era is the work of Gu-Yan-wu entitled "The Book of the Shortcomings and Benefits of Regions and Destinies in the Celestial Empire." This essay gave not only a geographical description of the country, but also illuminated the socio-economic situation of China.

Spiritual culture of China in the XVI-XVIII centuries. developed under the strong influence of the ideas of Confucianism. The creator of this doctrine is a thinker Confucius (551-479 BC). The teachings of Confucius are the teachings of what a person should strive for. A social system created on the basis of reason, according to the thinker, should enable a person to engage in self-improvement and benefit everyone. The state, according to Confucius, is a large family, where the younger must obey the elder (commoner - noble).

The most famous Chinese philosopher of the early XNUMXth century. was Wang Yang-ming. Wang Yang-ming argued that the real world does not exist outside of our consciousness, that the whole world, all things are a product of the spirit or heart. According to Wang Yang-ming, the criterion of truth is subjective consciousness; a person has innate knowledge, intuition, which helps to know the truth. The idealism and intuitionism of Wang Yang-ming had their numerous followers not only in China, but also in Japan, where this teaching has been around since the 17th century. became one of the main philosophical movements.

Books in China were printed in private and public printing houses, and they could easily be bought. A newspaper was published in the capital, reporting on court life, imperial decrees, etc. In addition to coins, paper money was in circulation, which greatly surprised European merchants.

There were many poets among Chinese officials, especially during the Ming Dynasty. Poems were sent instead of letters, putting them in fish-shaped envelopes. In versification they competed at feasts. In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Numerous poetry works have been published. Most of the poets were painters. Pictures were painted on paper or silk, some were hung on the walls, others were examined on the tables, gradually unfolding the scroll. The favorite motifs of the paintings are the heroes of legends and tales, "mountains and waters", "flowers and birds". At the same time, hieroglyphic inscriptions - wishes - were made on almost every picture.

In this era, only an educated person could become an official. The state allocated scholarships to prepare for examinations for higher academic degrees. Such an examination was held in the capital under the supervision of court academicians. Candidates wrote essays on philosophical and historical topics. Those who reached the highest degree could occupy the highest government positions. The way up, to the "high society" of society, was opened through education.

In China of that era, there were many provincial schools, whose students memorized the books of ancient authors, including Confucius, and got acquainted with the rules of versification and compilation of treatises. At the end of their studies, they took an exam - they wrote a poem in verse and an essay. China XVI-XVIII centuries. was a country of high spiritual culture and enjoyed great respect in the world.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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