27. THE COLLAPSE OF THE JACOBIN DICTATORY IN FRANCE

By the end of 1793, the policy of revolutionary terror in France had seized not only the rebellious provinces, but the whole country. Revolutionary tribunals, spreading far and wide, in dealing with a growing stream of cases, issued only two decisions - full acquittal or the death penalty. Among those sentenced to death were people of completely different strata of society - this is the "widow of Capet" Marie Antoinette, and the former Duke of Orleans, the same Feuillants, Girondins, "mad", Dantonists, Hebertists. Regardless of the goals pursued by the convicts, one fate befell those who defended the old order, and those who stood at the origins and made the revolution.

Having dealt with the enemies, Robespierre concentrated maximum power in his hands. But mass repressions led to the isolation of him and his closest associates in the Convention: Couton, Saint-Just, Loeb, Robespierre Jr. The successes of the revolutionary armies on all fronts have deprived the policy of terror of any logical justification. Left, right and "swamp" of the Convention united to fight the tyrant. The coup d'état on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794) put an end to the Jacobin dictatorship. Its leaders died under the knife of the same guillotine.

The Thermidorian coup marked the beginning of the gradual fading of the revolution. The regime of the Directory, established by the constitution of the third year (1795), partly returned to what the revolution left in 1789. The search for political balance led to the creation of a bicameral legislature and two-stage elections. However, these measures were designed to protect the interests not of the former aristocracy, but of the new big proprietors born of the revolution.

With a general trend towards political stabilization, the regime of the Directory at the same time reflected the further development of the revolutionary process. The confiscation of emigrant lands continued. The separation of church and state was proclaimed (1794). In the autumn of 1795, Barras and Bonaparte defeated the royalist rebellion in Paris, which became an unconditional success for the policy of the Directory. The Italian campaign of the French armies marked the beginning of revolutionary expansion in Europe.

The abolition of maximums and regulation of income, the abolition of assignats, carried out by the Directory, were inevitably accompanied by rising prices and speculation. The nouveaux riches (the new rich), the "golden youth" gained more and more influence, salons flourished, where the center of political life moved. The Jacobin Club was destroyed. The economic crisis caused the last surge of popular movements in the germinal and prairial of year III (April - May 1795). With their defeat, the masses left the French political scene for a long time. The intensification of the reaction was accompanied by the "white terror", which in many ways resembled the settling of old scores. However, it differed significantly from the "Red Terror" of the Robespierists. It did not have special institutional forms - tribunals. It was not covered by special legislative acts and, obviously, had a different scale. The growing craving for stability, for the consolidation of those forces that were enriched and joined to power as a result of the revolution, led to a military coup on 18 Brumaire (November 9-10, 1799) and to the establishment of the dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte.

The coup of 18 Brumaire, which put an end to the history of the French Revolution, surprisingly coincided with the end of the XNUMXth century. The Great Revolution ended the Age of Enlightenment, but it also largely determined the political and social processes of the next century, far beyond the borders of France itself, as well as the fate of many European states of that time.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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