История нового времени. Ход военных действий в 1914-1915 гг. (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Ход военных действий в 1914-1915 гг. (самое важное)

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90. PROGRESS OF MILITARY ACTIONS IN 1914-1915

Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914, and even the day before, on August 2, sent an ultimatum to the Belgian government to let German troops through Belgium to the French border. The Belgian government rejected the ultimatum and turned to London for help. On August 3, the British government sent Germany an ultimatum note - not to violate the neutrality of Belgium. Germany rejected this ultimatum. On the evening of August 3, the British government gave the order to start hostilities against Germany.

After the outbreak of the war, Bulgaria, Greece, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Spain, Portugal, as well as Italy and Romania, which were allies of the Central Powers, declared their neutrality. Of the non-European countries, a number of states in Asia and Latin America declared US neutrality. Turkey, having formally declared neutrality, on August 2, 1914, signed a secret agreement with Germany, under which it undertook to act on its side and, in fact, transfer its army to the disposal of the German General Staff.

The first period of the 1914 campaign in the Eastern European theater was marked by two major operations - East Prussian and Galician. The first and second armies of the Russian North-Western Front began to advance into East Prussia on August 17, during the advance of the German armies on Paris. As a result of fierce fighting in East Prussia between the first Russian and the eighth German armies, the Germans were defeated. Only the passivity of the commander of the first Russian army, General Rannen-Kampf, gave the German troops the opportunity to avoid the final defeat. the second Russian army also advanced in the direction of East Prussia, in its southern regions, but this offensive ended in failure. As a result, the offensive operation of the Russian North-Western Front ended in failure, mainly due to poor supply and discord between the commands of the armies and the front, as well as the headquarters of the Supreme Commander. Russian losses were huge - about a quarter of a million soldiers and a large amount of weapons.

The battles on the Russian Southwestern Front also occupied an important place in the general course of the war in 1914. More than 100 divisions took part in the battles on both sides here. On August 18, 1914, the offensive of the Russian Eighth Army of General Brusilov began, and on August 23, a grandiose battle unfolded on this front, more than 300 km long. During the battles, the Russian army defeated the Austro-Hungarian troops, occupied Lvov and forced them to withdraw across the San River. Pursuing the enemy, the Russian troops pushed him back across the Dunaets River and to the Carpathians, blocking the largest Austrian fortress Przemysl. In the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian troops, an important role was played by the fact that soldiers of Slavic nationality, especially Czechs and Slovaks, surrendered in tens of thousands. The Galician operation, which lasted more than a month, ended with the victory of the Russian troops. For 33 days, Russian troops advanced 200 km deep into the territory of Austria-Hungary. In the autumn of 1914, Russian troops reached their starting positions for the invasion of Germany. By the end of 1914, it became clear that the war in Europe, both in the west and in the east, had acquired a predominantly positional character, the character of a war of attrition. The war became protracted for many reasons. First, the colonial powers of England and France had far greater human and material resources than Germany and her allies; secondly, the Czechs and Slovaks refused to fight against the Slavic brothers and surrendered to the Russian troops with all their weapons.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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