History of modern times. Features of the socio-economic and political development of France on the eve of the Great French Revolution (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
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History of modern times. Features of the socio-economic and political development of France on the eve of the Great French Revolution (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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23. FEATURES OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION

In the XVIII century. France saw the development of capitalist relations. In the middle of the century, the development of industry, trade, and, to a lesser extent, agriculture accelerated.

There were also changes associated with capitalist development in the social structure of society, social thought and public consciousness. In the middle and second half of the XVIII century. increased social differentiation of the peasantry. A minority of prosperous peasants stood out from his midst, who ran a sound economy on their own and rented land, hired workers from the growing mass of landless peasants.

In the XVIII century. the development of trade and capitalist relations in industry accelerated. On the eve of 1789 scattered manufacture became the predominant form of industry. The size and number of large centralized manufactories also grew. The enrichment of the French bourgeoisie was facilitated by the growth in the turnover of domestic and foreign trade. The monopolies of privileged companies, internal customs duties and differences in measures of weight, length and volume in different provinces delayed the further development of trade and industry, the development of the domestic market.

The development of the capitalist structure was accompanied by the growth of the economic strength and social significance of the bourgeoisie. But in the second half of the century, the role of the most economically advanced commercial and industrial bourgeoisie also increased markedly. By the end of the XVIII century. the number of workers also increased, among which the "domestic workers" of scattered manufactory predominated. Wage workers concentrated in the cities, where they had every opportunity to exist.

Further capitalist development demanded more and more insistently the abolition of feudal relations and the establishment of bourgeois landed property. This natural process came into growing conflict with the dominant feudal-absolutist system. The deepening and aggravation of this conflict is the most important feature of the French history of the XNUMXth century. Absolutism could not develop in the XNUMXth century. economic policy that met the new conditions.

The formation of the all-French market ran into the remnants of feudal fragmentation, which the absolutist monarchy was unable to overcome: the confusion and chaos of the administrative and judicial system, special rights and privileges of individual provinces, the absence of a unified system of weights and measures, internal customs on land and river routes.

In contradiction with the needs of bourgeois development was the persisting system of civil inequality and class privileges, which placed the clergy and nobility in an exceptional position, freeing them from paying basic taxes.

The deep decline of French absolutism was a reflection of the general crisis of the feudal-absolutist system. During the XVIII century. the aristocratic opposition to absolutism revived and acquired great political weight. Its conductors were the parliaments, headed by the Parisian. In the 50-60s. XNUMXth century they demanded that parliament be given direct control over legislation; in essence, it was a program to limit absolutism in favor of the privileged classes.

As a result of the Seven Years' War, France lost almost all of its colonies. And the reign of Louis XV intensified the financial crisis of the state. Most reform attempts have failed completely or partially. The result of the contradiction between absolutism and capitalist development was the Great Bourgeois Revolution, which began in 1789.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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