History of modern times. Beginning of the French Revolution (most important)

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History of modern times. Beginning of the French Revolution (most important)

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24. BEGINNING OF THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION

The root, deep-seated cause of the revolution was the contradiction between the productive forces and the feudal production relations that dominated the country, which had reached its maximum acuteness. Feudalism could no longer ensure their further growth and objectively turned into a brake on them. The people sensed this primarily in the strengthening of feudal oppression. Was not satisfied with their position and the bulk of industrialists, merchants, merchants. They were subject to significant taxes and fees, which went mainly to the needs of the upper strata of society, the maintenance of the royal court and the privileged classes. The government has repeatedly carried out the so-called. squeezing sponges: a wealthy businessman, under some pretext, mostly illegal, was imprisoned and released only after he paid a significant ransom. The domestic market was extremely narrow for industry, since the peasantry (the main part of the country's population) almost did not buy manufactured goods. Trade was hindered by a great many internal customs. Manufactory production was constrained by shop regulation. Foreign trade, primarily colonial, was artificially concentrated in the hands of a small group of privileged merchants who shared their income with the court nobility. The main part of the nobility and the upper clergy sought to preserve the existing system.

Not without reason they saw the main instrument of its defense in the feudal-absolutist state. Meanwhile, an understanding of the need for profound changes has matured in the country. The bourgeoisie was also preparing for them - economically and politically the most influential and most organized and, no less important, educated social group in the anti-feudal movement. It was then that in France the bourgeoisie began to be called bankers, tax-farmers, owners of manufactories, merchants and, in general, big businessmen; before the bourgeoisie, the bourgeois were considered native townspeople.

In 1788, France was struck by a deep economic crisis. As a result of another crop failure, the peasants and the urban poor of most of the country were under the threat of starvation. Production was curtailed, and many thousands of urban workers were left without work. Peasant unrest began, which soon spread to the cities. What was new in these events was that in a number of places the soldiers refused to act against the people.

Shaken by numerous crises, of which the financial crisis was the most obvious, the royal government of France unsuccessfully attempted reforms, at the same time increasing the tax burden, but could not change the situation for the better. The dissatisfaction of the nobles with encroachments on their primordial privileges and the decline of political influence; intensified in 1787-1788. unrest of parliaments - the highest judicial institutions of France, which were traditionally in opposition to the absolutist regime; popular movements, generated by hunger and high prices - all this forced Louis XVI to convene the Estates General, which had not met since 1614.

General States - an advisory body of three chambers - one from each estate (clergy, nobility and the third estate, which united all the rest - from the big bourgeois to the peasant). The election programs of the deputies of the Estates General demanded not partial financial reforms, but a general revival of the country, decentralization of power, liberalization of all aspects of life. The deputation of the third estate was especially strong. The Estates General were solemnly opened at Versailles on May 5, 1789.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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