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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История нового времени. Страны Азии и Африки в начале XIX в (самое важное)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 76. COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND AFRICA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY At the beginning of the XIX century. Asian countries were the objects of the expansion of England. She continued the colonial conquest of India, while destroying the foundations of the Indian economy and the ancient peculiar civilization. After the collapse of the Mughal Empire in India, several principalities were formed, which were gradually captured by England, starting with Bengal. At the beginning of the XIX century. the British began to expand into Iran and Afghanistan, in their southern regions. Back in 1763, the ruler of Iran, Kerim Khan, concluded a trade agreement with the British, from that time the gradual penetration of the British began. China at the beginning of the XNUMXth century was under the rule of the Manchu Qing dynasty, which pursued a policy of strengthening the feudal system. At the beginning of the XIX century. in China, the uprisings of peasants and townspeople, dissatisfied with the double oppression of the Manchu conquerors and their henchmen, the Chinese feudal lords, continue. The uprisings of the people were led and organized by secret religious societies, and every year the frequency of the uprisings and the scale increased. At the beginning of the 1804th century. Relations between Turkey and Iran and Russia became greatly complicated due to the intensification of the liberation struggle of the Slavic peoples in the Balkans against the Turkish yoke and the struggle of the Christian peoples of the Caucasus against Iranian rule. This led to the war of 1813-1806. between Iran and Russia, and in 1812-XNUMX. between Russia and Turkey. In these wars, Türkiye and Iran were defeated. The strengthening of Russia's position in the Balkans and Asia with the victory in two wars led to the aggravation of the Eastern question. The situation in Turkey was also complicated by the open action of the Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali against the Sultan. Taking advantage of the weakening position of Iran during this period of time, the British intensified their expansion into the southern regions of this state. Moreover, back in 1801, England concluded two treaties with Iran - political and commercial. Under these treaties, Iran became an ally of England and took upon itself the obligation not to maintain any relations with the French. The Anglo-Iranian treaty was directed against both France and Russia. But in May 1807, between Napoleonic France and Iran, an alliance treaty was signed, according to which Napoleon recognized Georgia as "legally belonging" to the Shah and undertook to force the Russians to leave Transcaucasia. At the beginning of the XIX century. in all Asian countries, feudal orders and traditional societies dominated: internecine strife and local wars were observed; the expansion of England with the intensification of colonization in India was predominant. African countries at the beginning of the 19th century. By the beginning of the XIX century. The African continent was inhabited by various peoples, nationalities and tribes. The majority of Arabs lived in North, East and Northwest Africa. The eastern and southern parts of the continent were inhabited by numerous Bantu peoples, Zulu and Kaffir tribes belonging to the Negroid race. Negroid peoples and tribes also inhabited West Africa, the Hottentots and Bushmen - the southwest, the Malagasy - the descendants of Indonesian settlers - the island of Madagascar. All these peoples were at different levels of cultural, social and economic development. Among the most ancient states of West Africa are Ghana and Mali, which survived at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. During this period of time, Tunisia and Egypt were in vassal dependence on the Ottoman Empire, and Tripoli (Libya) was part of it. They continued colonial conquests in Africa at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. England, France, Spain and Portugal, and between these states on this continent there were armed clashes. Simultaneously with the colonialists, Christian missionaries also penetrated African states. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: American Civil War. Reconstruction of the South >> Forward: The development of science and culture at the beginning of the XNUMXth century
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