History of modern times. England in the 50-60s. XIX century (most important)

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History of modern times. England in the 50-60s. XIX century (most important)

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60. ENGLAND IN 50-60s. XNUMXth century

By the 50s. 1851th century England becomes the "workshop of the world". In May XNUMX, the World Industrial Exhibition opened in London's Crystal Palace - the "Great Exhibition", as the British called it, which brought the country a brilliant success. Thousands of firms from dozens of countries brought samples of their products. But most of all, the stands of England stood out, where models of bridges and port facilities, models of ships and steam locomotives, cotton spinning machines, and operating telegraph machines were exhibited. This exhibition opened the beginning of the "golden age" in the development of industrial England. Having completed the industrial revolution, the country had no serious rivals either in industry or in trade.

In England, a network of railways developed rapidly, half of which belonged to the railway "king". In 1852, the Agamemnon was launched, the world's first propeller-driven steam ship. In 1865 the country had 5 steam ships, and their tonnage exceeded that of the sailing fleet. English ships were used by foreign countries to transport goods to the most remote parts of the world. The monopoly position of England on the world market, the use of the latest technology gave her the opportunity to produce cheaper goods that no country could compete with.

The number of banks grew rapidly, mainly lending to other countries, investing in the construction of factories, plants and railways in their own country and abroad. The English bourgeoisie was the richest and most powerful in the world, it was the first to export goods and huge amounts of money abroad.

In the village, however, the land still belonged to the landlords, who leased it to the farmers. Despite the increase in cultivated areas and the growth of agricultural products, English agriculture could not satisfy the growing needs of industry for raw materials, and the urban population for food. A continuous stream of raw materials and foodstuffs came to England from the colonies and from other countries.

During the period of economic prosperity, the position of the majority of English factory workers improved, and especially the skilled ones, who, in the course of the struggle for their rights, achieved a reduction in the working day and an increase in wages. England in the 50s and 60s. XNUMXth century the influence of liberal views on the development of society increased. Most of the employers realized the need for partial concessions, because in their memory were vivid memories of the protests of the workers in the "disturbing forties" years. The huge profits received in these years, including from the robbery of the colonies, made it possible to spend part of them on raising wages and improving the life of workers. In the same period, trade unions are created. Members of trade unions - trade unions were protected by insurance premiums from unemployment, illness, accidents.

In the 50-60s. XNUMXth century England was the richest and most powerful among all European states. British diplomats pursued the traditional course of foreign policy aimed at maintaining a balance in Europe, counteracting the rise of either France or Russia, which allowed Britain to "rule the seas", maintain its commercial primacy and colonial rule.

Foreign policy of England in the 1850-1860s. was colonial in nature. The most important part was India with a population of 300 million people. India was called the “jewel of the British crown” for its natural resources. During these same years, British troops waged wars of conquest in Iran and Afghanistan. In 1852-1853 England captured southern Burma. In the 1850-1860s. English colonization of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and West Africa continued. The colonies served as a source of cheap raw materials and food for England.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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