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Which planet in the solar system is the hottest? Detailed answer

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Which planet in the solar system is the hottest?

The hottest planet in the solar system is Venus. The average temperature on its surface is about 470 degrees Celsius.

Although Mercury is closer to the Sun, it does not have an atmosphere, and the heat from its surface heated by the Sun is freely radiated into the surrounding outer space. Venus, on the other hand, has a dense atmosphere that retains heat through a powerful greenhouse effect.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

 Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why different countries do not have the same money?

To begin with, it must be said that it is difficult to define money. The London banker and the leader of an abandoned African tribe have different attitudes towards the issue of money. Money is not metal coins or printed bills. These are not British pounds sterling, not French francs, not Italian liras, not Spanish pesetas, not Russian roubles. Why?

Because they are all used as money, but at the same time, on one of the Pacific Islands, stones are still considered money. In short, all these things are only symbols. But they represent something real. The easiest way to define what money is is to agree on what will be the most convenient medium of exchange and what will be the measure of the value of goods and labor.

When a person wants something, he can exchange money in the form in which he has it for the desired thing. He can also get certain services for money. In the course of history, money has undergone great changes. An early form of money was cattle. Later, grain and salt came into use as money. At an early stage in the development of society, various objects and products were used instead of money.

Later, coins were minted, and then, about three centuries ago, printed paper money began to be used. As these more modern forms of money emerged, governments began to control the form of money and its value. Each country had its own monetary form. This continues to this day. We just haven't reached that level of civilization yet where all the people in the world, no matter where they live, could use the same money.

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Brain implant translates thoughts into words 14.11.2023

Scientists from Duke University have developed an innovative brain implant that can translate thoughts into words and enable communication based on brain activity. This device is aimed at helping people who suffer from language disorders or who are unable to communicate verbally for various reasons. The first experiments showed the promise of this area of ​​research.

Experiments to convert brain activity into text and voice communication, carried out by scanning patients' brain signals, now make it possible to transmit "thoughts" into words at speeds of up to 78 words per minute. This is comparable to listening to an audiobook at half the speed, according to the study authors. Typically, a person speaks up to 160 words per minute, which makes communication lively and natural. However, for people with speech disorders, more accurate sensors of brain activity are needed.

A team of scientists from Duke University, in collaboration with the university's biomedical engineering laboratory, created a brain activity sensor with 256 sensors on a piece of plastic the size of a postage stamp. This new sensor is capable of recording signals from individual neurons with high accuracy.

Scientists did not plan to read minds directly. However, by using complex signals from the muscles of the tongue apparatus, such as the tongue, larynx and facial muscles, they were able to accurately determine the unspoken opinions of patients (the tongue apparatus is controlled by up to 100 muscles, the signals from which must be monitored). In this way, a phrase spoken mentally could be transmitted into muscle signals, and from this data read from the brain, the computer could reproduce whatever the patient intended to say. For patients with a speech disorder, thoughts could remain in the cerebral cortex, but thanks to the sensor they were able to be spoken by a computer.

An experiment with four patients showed that the average accuracy of recognizing thoughts into words was 40%, and the maximum was 84%. The recognition algorithm was learned using the “listen and repeat” method. The patient uttered short, awkward combinations of letters, in which the algorithm learned to recognize brain activity in various combinations of sounds.

Despite the relatively low percentage of sound recognition, the team of scientists says the experiment was successful. The algorithm learned for only 90 seconds during a 15-minute test. Exactly this amount of time was allocated to the experimenters with each patient. This happened during planned brain surgeries on patients. At the end of the operation, the neurosurgeons gave the scientists 15 minutes to work with the patients on their program. Without access to the open brain, on a specific part of the cortex of which the sensor was installed, this study would have been impossible to conduct.

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