History of modern times. Features of the spiritual and cultural life of Japan (the most important)

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History of modern times. Features of the spiritual and cultural life of Japan (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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51. FEATURES OF SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL LIFE OF JAPAN

The "closing" of Japan by the shoguns to Europeans made ties with China prevalent. Much was borrowed by the Japanese from Chinese culture and from the whole life of Chinese society in general. So, in Japan, the manufacture of paper, porcelain, silk, book printing, etc. was established. The success of book printing in Japan in the 1648th century. contributed to the development of literacy. Among the urban population of this country, stories of an entertaining and instructive nature were popular. But at the same time, the government made sure that criticism of the shogun did not get into the print media. In XNUMX, when a book containing disrespectful remarks about the shogun's ancestors was printed in the printing house of an Osaka bookstore, the owner of the shop was executed.

Religion of Japan

The ancient religion of Japan was Shintoism (translated "Shinto" means "the way of the gods"). There are many gods in Shinto, but the main deity is the sun goddess Amaterasu, from whom the Japanese emperors supposedly descend. Therefore, secular rulers were revered as messengers of heaven, and their authority was indisputable. Shintoism was used in Japan to strengthen the power of the emperor, who became from the XNUMXth century. the high priest of this religion. But in the XVI-XVIII centuries. In Japan, the position of Buddhism is strengthening, which was due to Chinese influence. At the beginning of the XVII century. Shogun Tokugawa declared Buddhism the state religion, each family was assigned to a particular temple. Buddhism had a great influence on the formation of the inner world of people in Japan. According to this teaching, the whole life of a person is a continuous path of suffering, grief, sadness, the cause of which is unsatisfied earthly desires. Buddhism called on believers to constant self-improvement, pointed out that the path to salvation is in the hands of the person himself, regardless of his social status. In Japan of that era, religious tolerance was popular - different religious beliefs coexisted side by side - Shintoism and Buddhism.

The cultural life of Japan was characterized in the XVI-XVIII centuries. the development of poetry, painting, music and folk theater - kabuki ("song and dance"). At the imperial court, poets and poetesses competed in art. The ability to write poetry, play musical instruments, and draw was mandatory for an educated person. Books on the history of Japan were printed and distributed ("Kojiki" - "records of ancient deeds"), "Annals of Japan" - "Nihongi" - a complete collection of myths, legends, and historical events. In the 17th century The folk theater of kabuki ("song and dance") arose, but the Japanese government persecuted this theater, fearing the spread of free thought, while it banned women's and youth troupes, and since then only men have performed in the kabuki theater. Samurai were not allowed to attend kabuki, and this determined the composition of the audience. The profession of an actor at that time was classified as despicable: they were forbidden to go beyond the theater district and were required to wear clothes of the established pattern. Although there were decrees prohibiting peasants from watching theater performances (the authorities were afraid that, having seen a better life than theirs on stage, they would want to leave the village), they were able to see performances by traveling actors. But the pilgrimage to one of the main temples of the country brought special joy to the Japanese. This was practically the only opportunity in my life to leave the village for a while and see the world around me with my own eyes. Japanese painting of that time was dominated by images of landscapes of the sacred Mount Fuji, cherry blossoms, the sea, etc.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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